Psych Ch2 & 4

Repeating a specific sequence of statements to induce deep relaxations.

Things like only using your bedroom for sleep and sex, only going to sleep when sleepy.

A psychoactive drug made from hemp. A psychedelic drug also a stimulant.

Stimulant and psychedelic drug. Feelings of euphoria and increased well-being.

phencyclidine(PCP) and ketamine(Special K)

It affects the levels or the neurotransmitter glutamate

"mind manifesting"

Psychedelic drug derived from peyote cactus

Psychedelic drug also known as "shrooms"

Psychedelic drug, synthetically made from psilocybin

A category of pf psychoactive drugs that create sensory and perceptual distortions, alter mood, and affect thinking.

A class of stimulant drugs that arouse the central nervous system and suppress appetite.

A stimulant drug derived from the coca tree

A category of psychoactive drugs that increase brain activity, arouse behavior, and increase mental alertness.

A stimlant drug found in coffee, tea, cola drinks, chocolate, and many over-the-counter medications.

An extremely addictive stimulant found in cigarettes.

A category of psychoactive drugs that depress or inhibit brain activity.

Alcohol, Inhalants, Babiturates such as quaalude, tranquilizers such as Xanax & Valium, and opiates.

A category of psychoactive drugs that are chemically similar to morphine and have strong pain-relieving properties.

Chemical substances that are inhaled to produce an alteration of consciousness.

A category of depressant drugs that reduce anxiety and produce sleepiness.

Depressants drugs that relieve anxiety

Recurrent drug use that results in disruptions in academic, social, or occupational functioning or in legal or psychological problems.

A drug that alters consciousness, perception, mood, and behavior,

A condition in which increasing amounts of a physically addictive drug are needed to produce the original, desired effect.

A condition in which a person has physically adapted to the drug so that he or she must take the drug regularly in order to avoid withdrawal symptons.

Unpleasant physical reactions, combined with intense drug cravings, that occur when a person abstains from a drug on which he or she is physically dependant.

Withdrawal symptons that are the opposite of a physically addictive drug's action.

Any one of a number of sustained concentration techniques that focus the attention and heighten awareness.

A suggestion made during hypnosis that the person should carry out a specific instruction following the hypnotic session.

The inability to recall specific information because of a hypnotic suggestion.

The supposed enhancement of a person's memory for past events through a hypnotic suggestion.

The splitting of consciousness into two or more simultaneous streams of mental activity.

Theory proposed by Ernest Hilgard that explains hypnotic effects as being due to the splitting f consciousness into two simulataneous streams of mental activity, only one of which the hypnotic participant is consciously aware of during hypnosis.

Hilgard's term for the hidden, or dissociated, stream of mental activit that continues during hypnosis.

A cooperative social interactionin which the hypnotized person responds to the hypnotists suggestions with changes in perception, memory, and behavior

A sleep disorder in which the sleeper verbally and physically responds to the dream story; the result of a failure of the brain mechanisms that normally suppress voluntary actions during REM sleep.

A sleep disturbance characterized by an episode of walking or performing other actions during stage 3 or stage 4 NREM sleep; also called somnambulism.

A sleep disorder in which the sleeper will sleepwalk and eat compulsively.

A sleep disorder involving abnormal sexual behaviors and experiences during sleep; sexsomnia.

A sleep disturbance characterized by an episode of increase physiological arousal, intense fear and panic, frightening hallucinations, and no recall of the episode the next morning; typically occurs during stage 3 or stage 4 NREM sleep; also called night terrors.

A sleep disorder characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness and brief lapses into sleep throughout the day.

A sudden loss of voluntary muscle strength and control that is usually triggered by an intense emotion.

A special class of neurotransmitters produced during the daytime to maintain a steady state of wakefulness.

A sleep disorder in the which the person repeatedly stops breathing during sleep.

A condition in which a person regularly experiences an inability to fall asleep, to stay asleep, or to feel adequately rested by sleep.

Serious disturbances in the normal sleep pattern that interfere with daytime functioning and cause subjective distress.

Sleep disorders involving disruptions in the amount, quality, or timing of sleep.

A category of sleep disorders characterized by arousal or activation during sleep or sleep transitions; includes sleepwalking, night terrors, sleep bruxism, sleep-related eating disorder, and REM sleep behavior disorder.

The founder of pyschoanalysis, thought that dreams are the "disguised fulfillments of repressed wishes.

The theory that brain activity during sleep produces dream images(activation), which are combined by the brain into a dream story. Researchers J. Allan Hobson and Robert McCarley first proposed this in 1977.

A frightening or unpleasant anxiety dream that occurs during REM sleep.

In Freud's psychoanalytic theory, the elements of a that are consciously eperienced and remembered by the dreamer.

In Freud's psychoanalytic theory, the unconscious wishes, thoughts, and urges that are concealed in the manifest content of a dream.

The gradual process of converting a new memory, through the simple passage of time, into a long-term relatively permanent form.

Memories of personally experienced events, formed in NREM slow-wave sleep.

Involves learning a new skill or task until it can be performed automatically, seem to be consolidated in REM sleep and NREM sleep stage 2.

The view that sleep sleep and dreaming are essential to normal physical and mental functioning.

The view that the unique sleep patterns of different animals evolved over time to help promote survival and enviromental adaption; also called the evolutionary theory of sleep.

Repetitive, bland, and uncreative ruminations about real-life events during sleep

A storylike epsiode of unfolding mental imagery during sleep.

A phenomenon in which a person who is deprived of REM sleep greatly increases the amount of time spent in REM sleep at the first opportunity to sleep uninterrupted.

A temporary condition in which a person is unable to move upon awakening in the morning or during the night.

Brain wave pattern associated with alert wakefulness

Brain-wave pattern associated with relaxed wakefulness and drowsiness.

Vivid sensory phenomena that during the onset of sleep.

Short bursts of brain activity that characterize stage 2 NREM sleep.

Single but large high-voltage spike of brain activity that characterizes stage 2 NREM sleep.

When delta brain waves represent more than 20% of total brain activity.

When delta brain waves exceed 50% of total brain activity, delta waves eventually come to represent 100% of brain activity in this stage.

Is the combination of stage 3 and stage 4 NREM sleep in which it is sometimes referred.

An instrument that uses electrodes placed on the scalp to measure and record the brain's electrical activity.

The graphic record of brain activity produced by electroencephalograph.

Type of sleep during which rapid eye movements (REM) and dreaming usually occur and voluntary muscle activity is suppressed; also called active sleep or paradoxical sleep.

Quiet, typically dreamless sleep in which rapid eye movements are absent; divided into four stages; also called quiet sleep.

A cycle or rhythm that is roughly 24 hours long; the cyclical daily fluctuations in biological and pryschological processes.

A cluster of neurons in the hypothalamus in the brain that governs the timing of circadian rhythms.

A hormone manufactured by the pineal glad that produces sleepiness.

Described consciousness as a "stream" or "river"

Specialized branch of psychology that the studies the relationship between behavior and bodily processes and systems; also called biopsychology or psychobiology.

The study of the nervous system, especially the brain.

Highly specialized cell that communicates information in electrical and chemical form; a nerve cell.

Support cells that assist neurons by providing structural support, nutrition, and removal of cell wastes; manufacture myelin.

Type of neuron that conveys information to the brain from specialized receptor cells in sense organs and internal organs.

Type of neuron that signals muscles to relax or contract.

Type of neuron that communicates information from one neuron to the next.

Processes nutrients and provides energy for the neuron to function; contains the cells nucleus; also called the soma.

Multiple short fibers that extend from the neuron's cell body and receive information from other neurons or from sensory receptor cells.

The long, fluid-filled tube that carries a neuron's messages to other body areas.

A white, fatty covering wrapped around the axons of some neurons that increase their communication speed.

A brief electrical impulse by which information is transmitted along the axon of a neuron.

The minimum level of stimulation required to activate a particular neuron.

State in which a neuron is prepared to activate and communicate its message if it receives sufficient stimulation.

The principle that either a neuron is sufficiently stimulated abd action potential occurs or a neuron is not sufficiently stimulated and action potential does not occur.

The point of communication between two neurons.

The tiny space between the axon terminal of one neuron and the dendrite of an adjoining neuron.

Branches at the end of the axon that contain tiny pouches, or sacs, called synaptic vesicles.

Tiny pouches or sacs in the axon terminals that contain chemicals called neurotransmitters.

Chemical messengers manufactured by a neuron.

The process through which neurotransmitters are released by one neuron, cross the synaptic gap, and affect the adjoining neurons

The process by which neurotransmitter molecules detach from a postsynaptic neuron and are reabsorbed by a presynaptic neuron so they can be recycled and used again.

Neurotransmitter that causes muscle contraction and is involved in the memory function.

Neurotransmitter involved in the regulation of body movement, thought processes, and rewarding sensations.

Neurotransmitter involved in sleep and emotions.

Neurotransmitter involved in learning and memory; also a hormone manufactured by adrenal glands.

Neurotransmitter that usually communicates an inhibitory message.

Neurotransmitter that regulate pain receptors.

Progressive loss of memory and deterioration of intellectual functioning, have a severe depletion of several neurotransmitters in the brain, most notable acetylcholine.

Rigidity, muscle tremors, poor balance, and difficulty in initiating movements. Degeneration of the the neurons that produce dopamine cause this.

A rush of euphoria that many people feel after sustained aerobic exercise. In the brain, endorphins bond to opioid receptors.

The primary internal communication network of the body; divided into the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system.

Bundles of neuron axons that carry information in the peripheral nervous system.

Division of the nervous system that consists of the brain and spinal cord.

Simple automatic behaviors that are processed in the spinal cord.

Division of the nervous system that includes all the nerves lying outside the central nervous system.

Subdivision of the peripheral nervous system that communicates information to the central nervous system and carries motor messages from the central nervous system to the muscles.

Subdivision of the peripheral nervous system that regulates involuntary functions.

Branch of the autonomic nervous system that produces rapid physical arousal in response to perceived emergencies or threats.

Branch of the autonomic nervous system that maintains normal bodily fuctions and conserve's the body's physical resources.

System of glands located throughout the body that hormones into the bloodstream.

Chemical messengers secreted into the bloodstream primarily by endocrine glands.

Endocrine gland attached to the base of the brain that secretes hormones that affect the function of other glands as well as hormones that act directly on physical processes.

Pair of endocrine glands that involved in the human stress response.

The outer portion of the adrenal glands.

The inner portion of the adrenal glands; secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine.

The endocrine glands that secrete hormones that regulates sexual characteristics and reproductive processes; ovaries in females and testes in males.

The brain's ability to shift functions from damaged to undamaged brain areas.

A discredited pseudoscientific theory of the brain that claimed that peronality characteristics, moral character, and intelligence could be determined by examining the bumps on a person's skull.

The notion that different functions are located or localized in different areas of the brain; also called localization of function.

Franz Gall, a German physician and brain anatomist.

The brain's ability to change its physical structure in response to learning, active practice, or environmental influences.

The development of new neurons.

A region of the brain made up of the hindbrain and midbrain.

A region at the base of the brain that contains several structures that regulate basic life functions.

A hindbrain structure that controls vital life functions such as breathing and circulation.

A hindbrain structure that connects the medulla to the two sides of the cerebellum; helps coordinate and integrate movements on each side of the body.

A large, two-sided hindbrain structure at the back of the brain; responsible for muscle coordination maintaining posture and equilibrium.

A network of nerve fibers located in the center of the medulla that helps regulate attention, arousal, and sleep; also called the reticular activating system.

The middle and smallest brain region, involved in processing auditory and visual sensory information.

An area of the midbrain that is involved in motor control and contains a large concentration of dopamine-producing neurons.

The largest and most complex brain region, which contains centers for complex behaviors and mental processes; also called the cerebrum.

The wrinkled outer portion of the forbrain, which contains the most sophisticated brain centers.

The nearly symmetrical left and right halves of the cerebral cortex.

A thick band of axons that connects the two cerebral hemispheres and acts as a communication link between them.

An area on each hemisphere of the the cerebral cortex near the temples that is primary receiving area for auditory information.

An area at the back of each hemisphere of the cerebral cortex that is the primary receiving area for visual information.

An area on each hemisphere of the cerebral cortex located above the temporal lobe the processes somatic sensations.

The largest lobe of each cerebral hemisphere; processes voluntary muscle movements and is involved in thinking, planning, and emotional control.

A group of forebrain structues that form a border around the brainstem and are involved in emotion, motivation, learning, and memory.

A forrbrain structure that that is a part of the limbic system involved in learning and forming new memories.

A forebrain structure that processes sensory information for all senses, except smell, and relays it to the cerebral cortex.

A peanut-sized forbrain structure that is a part of the limbic system and regulates behaviors related to survival, such as eating, drinking, and sexual activity.

Almond-shaped cluster of neurons in the brains temporal lobe, involved in memory and emotional responses, especially fear.

The notion that different functions are located or localized in different areas of the brain also called localization of function.

Finding of Broca's area, lower left frontal lobe, known to play a crucial role in speech production.

Finding of Wernicke's area, left temporal lobe. Patients had great difficulty understanding spoken or written communications. They could speak quickly and easily, but their speech sometimes made no sense.

A surgical procedure that involves cutting the corpus callosum.

Used an apparatus, as seen in the video, to test the abilities of split-brain patients.