Bone Mineral Homeostasis

Parathyroid hormone release is increased when serum calcium levels are increased or decreased?

Calcitonin levels are increased when serum calcium levels are increased or decreased?

Which answer is NOT correct:
Calcitriol is:
A. obtained through diet
B. also known as 25-OH-vitamin D₃
C. increased by PTH action in the kidney
D. synthesized from cholesterol

Which is true:
A. 7-dehydrocholesterol is converted to cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) by UV light in the skin
B. Vitamin D3 is converted in the liver to 25-OH-D3 (calcifediol)
C. 25-OH-D3 is converted in the kidney to 1,25(OH)₂D3 (calcitriol)
D. All of the above
E. None of the above

Calcitriol does NOT act by:
A. Increasing reabsorption of calcium in the proximal tubules in the kidney
B. Increasing release of Ca₁₀(PO4)₆(OH)₂ from bone
C. Increasing filtration of calcium from the proximal tubules in the kidney
D. Increasing calcium absorption in the GI tract

Calcitonin does not act on the following location:
A. GI tract
B. Bone
C. Proximal tubules

Which of the following causes of osteoporosis is NOT correct:
A. decreasing PTH
B. physical factors (bone remodeling)
C. decreasing estrogen
D. decreasing dietary calcium

Osteoporosis can occur in the following populations:
A. elderly men
B. postmenopausal women
C. people taking glucocorticoids
D. All of the above

The main target for osteoporosis treatment is on:
A. GI tract
B. Bone
C. Kidney reabsorption
D. Kidney filtration

Osteoporosis can be treated with all of the following EXCEPT:
A. bisphosphonates (alendronate, risedronate, ibandronate)
B. calcitonin (nasal spray)
C. Raloxifene (SERMs)
D. Estrogen
E. PTH as high, frequent doses

Hypocalcemia can be caused by the following EXCEPT:
A. psuedohypoparathyroidism
B. malabsorption states
C. can be caused by hyperparathyroidism
D. Vitamin D deficiency

Treatment of hypocalcemia can theoretically be targeted to the following locations EXCEPT:
A. Bone
B. Filtration (proximal tubules) in the kidney
C. Reabsorption (proximal tubules) in the kidney
D. GI tract
E. None of the above

Calcium supplements which are given orally include all of the following EXCEPT:
A. CaCl₂
B. Ca phosphate
C. Ca gluconate
D. Ca carbonate

T or F: Vit D supplement as given along side of calcium supplements to treat hypocalcemia.

Which of the following statement concerning hypercalcemia is false:
A. Can result in CaPO4 deposits in kidney
B. Can be caused by hypoparathyroidism
C. Malignant neoplasms can be a source of excess Ca
D. Can be caused by increased production or ingestion of Vit. D

Which of the following methods are NOT used to treat hypercalcemia:
A. PTH
B. Oral phosphates and prednisone
C. bisphosphonates (pamidronate and etidronate)
D. Saline to increase fluid intake
E. Furosemide (diuretics)