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Claude Bernard
Performed first cath in 1884. It was on a horse.
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Fick Principal
Cardiac Output = O2 consumptions/arterial - venous O2 pressure
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Werner Forssman
Performed first cath on living person (himself) in 1921.
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Seldinger
Developed percutaneous approach in 1953
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Mason Sones (& associates)
Developed technique for CA angiorgraphy Brachial cutdown
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Melvin Judkins
Developed percutaneous femeral approach (selective angiography) in 1967
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Swan and Ganz
Developed balloon tip flow guides cathether in 1970. Commonly used for right heart
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Photon
Beam of a stream of particles w/short wave length and high speed
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Milliamps (MA)
Elecitrical current; controls quantity
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Kilovoltage Peak (KVP)
Controls quality of x-ray. Increase voltage Increase potential power
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RAD
Absorbed of Xray absorbed by body
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REM
Biological dose amount w/out bilogical injury
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1 REM = ? RAD
? REM = 1 RAD
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How is Radiation Dose measure?
Grey; Amount of radiation absorbed by a substance (1 Grey = 100 RADS = 100 REM)
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What is culmulative Dose?
Radiation absorbed during an entire procedure, used in dosimeter reports based on montly exposure
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Quantom Mottle
Image Noise (High dose decrease image);
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PTCA
Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty
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Why do we use stents?
Stents solved problems relating to elastic recoil, dissection, and restenosis of the treated segment
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Gianturco and Roubin: What did they do and when did they do it?
Developed balloon-expandable coil stent made out of stainless steel ire wrapped in a manner to form the shape of a clam shell. FDA approved in 1993
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Palmaz and Schatz: What did they do and when?
Palmaz: developed balloon-expandable slotted tube stainless steel stent w/ rectangular slots that formed into diamond shaped windows upon expansion
Schatz: Made the stent safer by adding a 1mm central articulating bridge btwn 2 rigid 7mm segments
FDA approved in 1994
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What are two types of Radiation?
Scattered and Direct
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How are X-Rays generated?
Through the method of Bremsstrahlung which is the breaking of radiation.
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What does A.L.A.R.A stand for?
As Low As Reasonably Achieveable
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Describe the X-ray Generator
Encased in lead to avoid exposure, controls power of xray tube, heats cathode filament (flow of electrons),
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X-ray Tube
Converts electrical energy to photons, Rotates at 10K RPM, Ma is controlled by filament
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List Stonastic Effects
Irrepairable damage, includes cancer, takes years-decades to notice injury, leukemia after 2-5 years exposure
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Deterministic effects
Skin burns, cataracts, depends on how many cells need to be killed before tissue loses viability
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