A theory that classification differentiates between shared ancestral and shared derived features.
cladistics
A group of species with a common evolutionary ancestry.
clade
can similarities arise by chance?
yes.
includes all of the descendant species of the original hominin population, species we place into the tribe hominini...
hominin clade
A recently appearing homology that is shared by a relatively small group of closely related taxa.
shared derived (synapomorphic) feature
Compared with shared derived features, a homology that did not appear as recently and is therefore shared by a larger group of species.
shared ancestral (sympesiomorphic) feature
A feature that is unique to a particular species
uniquely derived (autopomorphic) feature
Species used in a cladistic analysis that are closely related to the species being studied and are used to differentiate between shared derived and ancesteral derived features.
outgroups
In cladistic analysis, features that appear in most of all species including the outgroup are assumed to be...
those found in the original set, but not in the outgroup are assumed to be...
shared ancestral features
shared derived features
A graphic representation of a species, or other taxa, being studied, based on cladistic analysis.
cladogram
Depicts relationships among taxa, but does not depict temporal relationships
cladogram
the three domains of life...
Archaea
Eubacteria
Eukaryota (eukaryotes)
the two domains that consist of cells without nuclei...
Archaea
Eubacteria
the four knigdoms of the domain Eukaryota...
Kingdom Protista
Kingdom Fungi
Kingdom Planti
Kingdom Animalia
four traits of members of the animal kingdom...
incapable of synthasizing own food
specalized cells
high mobility
nerves and sensing organs
How many animal phyla do biologists recognize?
36
the 9 common animal phyla...
Porifera (sponges)
Cnidaria (jellyfish and anemones)
Platyhelminthes (tapeworms)
Nematoda (roundworms)
Annelida (earthworms)
Echinodermata (starfish, sea urchins)
Arthropoda (spiders, crayfish)
Chordata (fish, reptiles, birds, mammals)
organism characterized by the presence of a notochord, a dorsal, hollow, single nerve chord, and gill slit at some point in the life cycle...
chordate
A cartiliaginous rod that runs along the back (dorsal) of all chordates at some point in their life cycle.
notochord
Toward the top or back of an animal.
dorsal
Towatd the front or bottom side of an animal
ventral
Structures that filter out food particles in nonvertebrate chordates and are used for breathing in some vertebrates.
gill slits
Human embryos have structrures that are thought to be precursers to gill slits.
True or False?
True.
the seven living classes of vertebrates...
Agatha (jawless vertebrates)
Chondrichthyes (sharks and rays)
Osteichtheys (bony fish)
Amphibia (amphibians)
Reptilia (reptiles)
Aves (birds)
Mammaila (mammals)
the three subphylum of phylum Chordata..
Tunicata (tunicates)
Cephalchordata (Amphioxus)
Vertebrata
pre-existing structures in jawless vertebrates that gave rise to jaws...
gill arches
Skeletal elements supporting the gill slits in nonvertebrate chordates and some vertebrates.
gill slits
When did terrestrial vertebrates evolve?
400-350 m.y.a.
aquatic vertebrate adaptatio of legs, lungs and amniote eggs, which allowed them to move onto the land are examples of...
preadaptation
three changes that made life spent totally on land possible...
increased effenciency of the lungs
waterproof skin
amniote egg
An egg with a shell and membranes, which made reproduction of land possible.
amnoite egg
Members of a class of the subphylum Vertebrata, that are characterized by a constant level of activity independent of external temperature and by mammary glands, hair or fur, heterodonty, and other features.
mammals
Where does fertilization of an amniote egg take place?
inside the female, before the shell is formed
When was the reptililan radiation?
240 m.y.a.
What had to happen in order for the mammals to dominate?
demise of the dinosaurs
Using behavoir, such as avoiding heat or seeking sources of heat, to regulate body temperature.
behavoiral thermoregulation
The ability to control body temperature and maintain a high body temperature through physiological means.
homothermic
4 requirements of homothermy...
mechanisms in the brain
hair or fur
sweat glands
larger intake of food
Dentition characterized by regional differentiation of teeth by function.
heterodont
Having two sets of teeth, the deciduous and the permanent teeth.
diphyodonty
The bone of the lower jaw; contains the lower dentition.
mandible
The eardrum.
tympanic membrane
A muscle that lies beneath the lungs increases, causig a lowering of pressure within the lungs and movement of air from the outside of the lungs. When relaxed, air is expelled from the lungs.
diaphram
The bony roof of the mouth that seperates the mouth from the nasal cavity, permitting the animal to breath and chew at the same time.
hard palate
A heart that is divided into two sets of pumping chambers, effectively seperating oxygenated blood fron the lungs from deoxygenated blood from the body.
four-chambered heart
Glands found in mammalian females that produce milk.
mammary glands
How many bones are there in the reptilian lower jaw?
In the mammal lower jaw?
6
2 (sometimes fused)
what happened to 2 of the reptilian lower jaw bones in mammals?
they moved into the inner ear
how many bonne are there in the reptilian inner ear?
in the mammalian inner ear?
1
3
How are the reptilian and mammalian tympanic membrane different?
mammalian eardrum and middle ear are encased in bone
