a group of speakers shifts from using a lower prestigerlanguage to a higher prestige language
what is a language death
occurs when language shift involves the last remaining group of dpeakers of a language
what is are pidgins
they arise in trading situations where speakers of many languages come together and need some means of communication for the purpose of doing business with one another ** pidigins are not the primart language for any of the users**
what are creoles
creoles arise as the result of need to forum a primary mode of communicatin- native lanugages for the speakers involved (ex: full-blown languages)
what is the intital staage: prepidgin jargon
little or no consistent grammar: speaker-to-speaker variation
what is crystalliation
establishment of grammatical conversations
what are prototypical pidgins
they emerge abruptly; limited contact(ex: trade); reduced grammar and vocabulary
what are expanded pidigns
larger lexical and structural resources
what is nativization
the process by which some variety of speech that was no one's native language is learned by children in a speech community as their first language
what are loan words (calques)
word for word translations into native morphemes
grammar is actually more complex phonemonon than anything that could ever be taught in school, but never the less every human being masters the grammar of some language
true
there ae languages that don't have words for right and left but use words for cardinal directions like north and west instead
true
some aspects of languare appear to be innate
true
there are more than 6,00 languages spoken in the world, but 90% of the population only speaks 10% of them
true
turkish amon other languages has a special verb tense used for gossip and hearsay
true
most sentences that you hear and utter are novel; they ahve never been uttered before
true
no language is intrinsicallt easier or harder to learn than the other
true
some languagesstructure sentences by putting the object first and the subject last
true
there are communities such as the Al-Sayyiad Bedouine tribe, in which all members of the community can use signed language
true
there is nothing inherient about most words that gives them their meaning any group of speech sounds could ahve any meaning
true
there are specific structures in tour brain designed to process language
true
the language you speak affects wheather or not you distinguish between certain sounds
true
rules like " dont split infinitatives" were invented by people in the 18th century who believed engligh should be more like latin
true
the same words in the same order don't always mean the same thing