Endocrine System

gland

adrenal gland

male

to secrete

thirst

glucose (sugar)

hormone (an urging on)

ketone bodies

pancreas

thymus gland

thyroid gland (shield)

located on the superior surface of each kidney; the adrenal cortex secretes steroid hormones, and the adrenal medulla secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine

hormones secreted by the adrenal cortes

regulate carbohydrate metabolism and have antiinflammatory effects; cortisol is the most significant glucocorticoid

maintain salt and water balance

influence development and maintenance of male sex characteristics, for example, facial hair, deep voice

hormones secreted by the adrenal medulla that affect the sympathetic nervous system in stress response

secreted in response to fear or physical injury

secreted in response to hypotension and physical stress

located on both sides of the uterus in the female pelvis; secrete estrogen and progesterone

responsible for the development of female secondary sex characteristics

regulates uterine conditions during pregnancy

endocrine tissue within the pancreas

a hormone secreted by the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans that is responsible for regulating the metabolism of glucose

a hormone secreted by the alpha cells of the islets of Langerhans that serves to regulate carbohydrate metabolism by raising blood sugar

two paired glands located on the posterior aspect of the thyroid gland in the neck; secrete parathyroid hormone

regulates calcium and phosphorus metabolism

located in the center of the brain; secretes melatonin and serotonin

exact function unknown; affects the onset of puberty

a neruotransmitter that serves as the precursor to melatonin

located at the base of the brain; considered the master gland as it secretes hormones that regulate the function of other glands

anterior lobe of the pituitary gland

stimulates secretion from thyroid gland

stimulates secretion from adrenal cortex

initiates the growth of ovarian follicle; stimulates the secretion of estrogen in females and the production of sperm in males

causes ovulation; stimulates the secretion of progesterone by the corpus luteum; causes the secretion of testosterone in the testes

affects skin pigmentation

influences growth

stimulates breast development and milk production during pregnancy

posterior lobe of the pituitary gland

influences the absorption of water by kidney tubules

influences uterine contraction

located on both sides within the scrotum in the male; secrete testosterone

affects masculinization of reproduction

located in teh mediastinal cavity anterior to and above the heart; secretes thymosin

regulates immune response

located in front of the neck; secretes triiodothyronine(T3), thyroxine(T$), and calcitonin

known as the thyroid hormones; regulate metabolism

regulates calcium and phosphorus metabolism

protrusion of one or both eyeballs, often b/c of thyroid dysfunction or a tumor behind the eyeball

glucose(sugar) in the urine

shaggy; an excessive growht of hair, especially in unusual places

an abnormally high level of calcium in the blood

an abnormally low level of calcium in the blood

high blood sugar

low blood sugar

an abnormally high level of potassium in the blood

abnormally increased secretion

abnormally decreased secreation

presence of an abnormal amount of ketone bodies in the blood and urine indicating an abnormal use of carbohydrates, such as in uncontrolled diabetes and starvation

all chemical processes in the body that result in growth, generation of energy, elimination of wasted, and other body functions

excessive thirst

excessive urination

a collection of signs and symptoms caused by an excessive level of cortisol hormone; symptoms include upper body obesity, facial puffiness, hyperglycemia, weakness, thin and easily bruised skin with stria, hypertension, and osteoporosis

excessive output of the adrenal secretion of androgen (male sex hormone) in adult women caused by a tumor or hyperplasia, evidenced by amenorrhea (absence of menstruation), acne, hirsutism, and deepening of the voice

metabolic disorder caused by the absence or insufficient production of insulin secreted by the pancreas, resulting in hyperglycemia and glucosuria

diabetes in which no beta-cell production of insulin occurs and the patient is dependent on insulin for survival

diabetes in which either the body produces insufficient insulin or insulin resistance (a defective use of the insulin that is produced) occurs; the patient usually is not dependent on insulin for survival

a condition resulting from an excessive amount of insulin in the blood that draws sugar out of the bloodstream, resulting in hypoglycemia, fainting, and convulsions; often caused by and overdose of insulin or by a tumor of the pancreas

inflammation of the pancreas

hypersecretion of the parathyroid glands, usually caused by a tumor

hyposecretion of the parathyroid glands

disease characterized by enlarged features, especially of the face and hands, caused by hypersecretion of the pituitary growth hormone after puberty, when normal bone growth has stopped; most often caused by a pituitary tumor

a condition of congenital hypsecretion of growth hormone that slows growth and causes short, yet proportionate, stature (not affecting intelligence); often treated during childhood with growth hormone; other forms of dwarfism are most often caused by genetic defects

a condition of hypersecretion of growth hormone during childhood bone development that leads to an abnormal overgrowth of bone, especially of the long bones; most often caused by a pituitary tumor

enlargement of the thyroid gland caused by thyroid dysfunction, tumor, lack of iodine in the diet, or inflammation

a condition of hypersecretion of the thyroid gland characterized by nervousness, weight loss, rapid pulse, protrusion of the eyeball, goiter etc

the most common form of hyperthyroidism; caused by an autoimmune defect that creates antibodies that stimulate the overproduction of thyroid hormones; exophthalmos is a featured characteristic

a condition of hyposecretion of the thyroid gland causing low thyroid levels in the blood that result in sluggishness, slow pulse, and often, obesity

advanced hypothyroidism in adults characterized by sluggishness, slow pulse, puffiness in the hands and face and dry skin

condition of congenital hypothyroidism in children that results in a lack of mental development and dwarfed physical stature; the thyroid gland is either congenitally absent or imperfectly developed

measurement of the level of sugar (glucose) in the blood

measurement of blood sugar level after fasting (not eating) for 12 hours.

measurement of blood sugar level after a meal (commonly 2 hours later)

measurement of the body's ability to metabolize carbohydrates by administering a prescribed amount of glucose after a fasting period, then measuring blood and urine for glucose levels every hr thereafter for 4-6 hours.

a molecule (fraction) in hemoglobin, the level of which rises in the blood as a result of an increased level of blood sugar, a common blood test used in diagnosing and treating diabetes

measurement of the level of specific ionsin the blood; electrolytes are essential for maintaining water balance as well as nerve, muscle, and heart activity

measurement of thyroid hormone levels in blood plasma to determine the efficiency of glandular secretions, including T3, T4, and TSH

chemical tests to determine the presence of sugar or ketone bodies in urine; used as a screen for diabetes

CT of the head is used to obtain a transvers (horizontal) view of the pituitary gland

nonionizing images of magnetic resonance are useful in identifying abnormalities of the pituitary gland, pancreas, adrenal glands, and thyroid glands

sonographic images are used to identify endocrine pathology, such as with thyroid ultrasound

radionuclide scan of the thyroid to visualize the radioactive accumulation of previously injected isotopes to detect thyroid nodules or tumors

excision of the adrenal glands

excision of the pituitary gland

excision of the pancreas

excision of the parathyroid glands

excision of the thymus gland

excision of the thyroid gland

use of an insulin delivery device that is worn on the body (usually the abdomen) and subcutaneously infuses doses of insulin programmed according to the individual needs of the diabetic patient

use of radioactive iodine to treat disease, such as to eradicate thyroid tumor cells; treatment is administered in a nuclear medicine facility

any several agents used to control blood sugar levels in treatment of diabetes mellitus

an agent that blocks the production of thyroid hormones; used to treat hyperthyroidism

treatment with a hormone to correct a hormonal deficiency

a drug that lowers the blood glucose level

adrenocorticotropic hormone

antidiuretic hormone

blood sugar

carbon dioxide

continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion

computed tomography

diabetic ketoacidosis

diabetes mellitus

fasting blood sugar

follicle-stimulating hormone

growth hormone

glucose tolerance test

glycosylated hemoglobin

hormone replacement therapy

luteinizing hormone

magnetic resonance imaging

melanocyte-stimulating hormone

postprandial blood sugar

parathyroid hormone

triiodothyronine

thyroxine

thyroid-stimulating hormone