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How do bacterial and viral meningitis differ?
- Bacterial meningitis can be very severe and cause brain damage, hearing loss, or learning disability.
- Viral meningitis is less severe and usually resolves without treatmnet. It is caused by infection with one of several types of virus and is rarely fatal
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What are the most common cuses of bacterial meningitis?
- Bacterial meningitis-- 5 species cause 90% of bacterial meningitis cases
- streptococcus pneumoniae- leading cause in adults
- neisseria menigitidis- due to fimbria, capsule, and lipooligosaccharide
- haemophilus influenzae- leading cause prior to vaccine
- listeria monocytogenes- disease in fetuses, prego women, and immunocompromised individuals
- streptococcus agalactiae- causes most cases of new born meningitis (doesn’t occur often)
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What are the most common causes of viral meningitis?
- Caused by infection with one of several types of virus
- About 90% of the time it's enterovirus although herpes virus and mumps virus can also caus the disease.
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How does the tetanus toxin work?
- The oxin produced by C. tetani is a neruogenic toxin, meaning that it has an affinity for and targets nervous tissue.
- Called either tetanospasmin or tetanus toxin, it acts by enzymatically degrading proteins required for normal physiology in nervous tissue.
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The botulism toxin
- This toxin is ingested as a preformed component and is ingested as a preformed component and is absorbed directlytherough the intestinal tract, reaching the neuromuscular junction target bia the bloodstream.
- Once bound there, the toxin inhibits teh release of acetylcholine, causing muscular paralysis.
- The symptoms observed depend on which nerves are bound by the toxin, and damage to the nerves after toxin has bound is permanent.
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What are the three forms of botulism?
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How is rabies treated
- Prevention
- Treatment consists of a course of injectios that are only beneficial if administered before the onset of symptoms
- Intesnsive supportive care can result in longer-term survival
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Symptoms of rabies
- A relentless progression of excess motor activity
- Agitation
- Hallucinations
- Excessive slivation
- Severe throat contraction when swallowing
- The illness begins iwth nonspecific fevere, headache, malaise, nausea, and vomiting.
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What are the four types of poliomyelitis
- abortive/asymptomatic infections- almost 90% of all cases
- nonparalytic polio- stiff neck, muscle spasms and back pain
- paralytic polio- produces paralysis; can be can systemic and can affect all muscle systems or just a few → death can occur due to lack of ability to breathe
- post polio syndrome- condition that occurs 20-30-40 years after initial infection; not well understood; groups of muscles affected start to deteriorate (you don’t have the virus in your body anymore); your muscles atrophy and eventually there is no muscle left → no way to prevent it.
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Pathogen and pathogenesis of polio
- Poliovirus is the causative agent
- transmitted most often by drinking contaminated water
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Host/victim of EEE
Horses and people
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Host/victim of WEE
horses and people
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Host/victim of St. Louis encephalitis
horses and humans
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host/victim of West Nile virus
Horses, humans, birds
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Causitive agent of encephalitis
arboviruses
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Causitive agent of tetanus
clostridium tetani
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Causitive agent of botulism
clostridium botulinum
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Causitive agent of polio
poliovirus
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causitive agent of rabies
rabies virus
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One of the most dangerous results of infectinon of the central nervous system is
vasogenic edema
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Infections of the CNS can begin with?
- Infections of the middle ear
- Sinusitis
- Mastoiditis
- Pneumonia
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The clinical effects of botulism are caused by
Exotoxins
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Antiobiotic therapy for tetanus would be
Effective only if given early in the infection
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The symptoms of infant botulism include
constipation
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The urban forms of rabies is associated with
Unimmunized dogs and cats
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