Water-Soluble Vitamins

chemically unrelated organic substances that are grouped together because each is essential in the diet in minute amounts and is required for specific metabolic reactions.

macronutrients

synthesis of acetylcholine (neurotransmitter) and lecithin (phospholipid).

you can make it in your body but not going to make enough.

• coenzyme in metabolism
• do not produce any energy important for energy production.

• part of the coenzyme Thiamin pyrophosphate. (involved in energy metabolism)
• on membranes of nerve cells. (relies on thiamin for function)

• Beriberi
• damage to nervous system, heart, & other muscles.
• Seen when white rice is a staple food.

in alcoholics 4:5 are deficiant in thiamin b/c causes discreation of thiamin.

• decrease water soluble vitamins
• this case heat actually destroys it.

energy metabolism

multiple

inflammation of mouth, skin, and eyelids; sensitivity to light.

not going to see a lot of.

part of coenzymes nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (involved w/ energy metabolism) and NADP

• 1. Diarria
• 2. Dermatits
• 3. demantia
• 4. death

when corn was staple food would see this happening.

• not going to see unless supplimenting.
• capillaries will dialate and cause a tingle sensation that can be painful.

• part of coenzyme used in energy metabolism, fat synthesis, amino acid metabolism, and glycogen synthesis.
• involved with TCA cycle
• going towards storeage and breaking down.

• Binds biotin
• -in raw eggs
• rare to see

• involved in fatty acid bio-synthises and also F.A. degradation
• component of coenzyme A
• 70 different enzymes need this coenzyme (CoA or ACP)

• part of coenzyme PLP and PMP?
• -amino acid metabolism
• -serotonin synthesis
• -Heme synthesis

PLP involved w/ making serotonin from tryptoptian involved w/ appetie

• sleep regulation
• neuro transmitter
• sinsory perception (mood)

• Depression and confusion
• -neurotransmitter not made
• microcytic anemia
• -can't make hemengloben
• unable to carry sufficiante amount of o2 to blood.

• fatigue
• headaches
• nerves damage
• can get to this level
• associated w/ neurological damage

• Part of coenzyme THF
• the movement of single C's important for DNA synthesis
• purine synthesis
• also involved w/ B12

• folate supplementation decreases spinal bifida
• started fortifying grains in 1996
• fortification has worked and decreased birth defects.

• imcumplet closing at spinal cord -paralysis, club feet, dislocated hip, curvurture of spin.
• happens durring pregnancy

• higher homocysteine levels in blood increase cardio vascular disease
• damage vascular cells

increase homocysteine

megaloblastic Anemia

• you dont synthasise DNA properly in red blood cells
• RBC's get large but dont divide
• keep swelling and cant make new ones

Oxygen

• absorbed in small intestin
• most deficiencies due to this system not working right
• can occur in older age

• Folate metabolism
• normal function as nerve cells

Convert folate coenzymes to active forms.

maintain the myelin sheath that insalates nerve fibers from each other for proper function.

patchy destraction of myelin sheath

can lead to creeping paralysis or death

pernicious anemia

• 1st sign megablastic anemia (folate deficint)
• -weakness, sore tongue, back pain, and tingling in extremetie

• left untreated can lead to permanent damaged nerve strengths, creeping paralysis
• 10-20% of older adults get this

supplementation of folate improves anemia but still get nerve damage

• Animal products
• vegetarians need to supplement this

• Collagen synthesis
• antioxidant
• iron absorption
• reacts with other food components
• decreased risk of common cold

• Connective tissue
• bone
• teeth
• tendons
• blood vessels
• increases the cross-connection between amino acids making collagen stronger.

• electrons to free radicals which avoids oxidative stress.
• helps vit. E stay in active form

• iron in its most absorbable form
• increase vit. C can = too much iron absorption and toxicity

• 1.reactivates vit. E so that it can be reused
• 2. decreased formation of nitrosamines for nitrite
• -may decrease some cancer

• activity of certain immune cells
• doesn't decrease cold, but may shorten the time you have it.

• Scurvy
• take 20-40 days to become deficient

• Weakness
• open wonds
• bleeding gums
• bleedning around hair follicles

• Nausea
• abdominal cramps
• diarrhea