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Anatomical Position
- Standing erect with palms facing forward
- In this position it can be divided into three imaginary planes.
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Sagittal Plane
- Divides the body into left and right halves
- Medial and lateral correlate to this plane
- The actions of flexion and extension occur along this plane
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Frontal (Coronal) Plane
- Divides the body into front and back portions
- Anterior and posterior correlate to this plane
- The actions of adduction and abduction occur along this plane
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Transverse Plane
- Divides the body into upper and lower portion
- Superior and inferior correlate to this plane
- The action of rotation occurs along this plane
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Superior
- Refers to a structure closer to the head
- Above
- When referring to structures on the trunk it would be cranial.
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Inferior
- Refers to a structure closer to the feet
- Below
- When referring to structures on the truck it would be caudal.
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Posterior
Further toward the back of the body
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Anterior
Further toward the front of the body
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Medial
Closer to the midline of the body
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Lateral
Further away from the midline of the body
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Distal
A structure that is further away from the trunk or the body's midline only: when referring to arms or legs.
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Proximal
A structure that is closer to the trunk: only when referring to arms or legs.
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Superficial
Closer to the body's surface
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Extension
- Movement that straightens or opens a joint
- Ex: When you lean back
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Flexion
- Movement that bends a joint or brings the bones closer together
- Ex: Bending your fingers to play piano
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Adduction
- Brings a limb medially toward the body's midline (adding to the body)
- Ex: Bringing your arms to your sides
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Abduction
- Moves a limb laterally away from the midline (abduct or carry away)
- Ex: Raising your arms up and away from the body
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Medial Rotation (Internal Rotation)
- The limb towards in toward the middle
- Ex: While playing hacky sack it is kicking your foot (while behind you) outwards and away from the body
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Lateral Rotation (External Rotation)
- The limb swings away from the midline
- Ex: playing hacky sack it is kicking your foot (while behind you) inwards behind the other leg
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Rotation
- Pertains only to the axial skeleton, specifically the head and vertebral column
- Ex: When you look both ways before crossing the street
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Circumduction
- A combination of flexion, extension, adduction, and abduction
- Possible only at the shoulder and hip joints
- Ex: Swimming the backstroke requires this at the shoulder joint
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Lateral Flexion
- Occurs only at the axial skeleton when the head or vertebral column bend laterally to the side
- Ex: Pulling head down toward shoulder
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Supination
- Occurs when the radius and ulna lie parallel to one another (carrying a bowl of soup)
- Ex: When you reach to grab a doorknob
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Pronation
- Takes place when the radius crosses over the ulna, turning the palm down (prone to spill the soup)
- Ex: The position you are in when you have turned the doorknob
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Opposition
- Occurs when the thumb pad crosses the palm toward the last finger
- Ex: When pinkie and thumb touch each other
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Inversion
- Occurs as a combination of movements of several joins of the feet
- Elevates the foot's medial side and brings the sole of the foot medially (turn in)
- Ex: Touching the bottoms of your feet together
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Eversion
- Occurs as a combination of movements of several joins of the feet
- Elevates the foot's lateral side and moves the sole laterally (turn out)
- Ex: What your feet do when you sit like a kid with no bones...
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Plantar Flexion
- Only refers to movement at the ankle
- Performed by moving the ankle to point your foot into the earth
- Ex: Pushing on the acceleration in a car
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Dorsiflexion
- Only refers to movement at the ankle
- Performed by moving the ankle up toward your head
- Ex: Taking your foot off the gas peddle
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Protraction
- Pertains to the scapula, clavicle, head, and jaw
- Occurs when one of these structures moves anteriorly (protrude)
- Ex: When you try and look like a bird my moving your head outward
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Retraction
- Pertains to the scapula, clavicle, head, and jaw
- Movement of one of these structures posteriorly (retreat)
- Ex: A very big overbite
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Elevation
- Movement of the scapula and jaw
- Movement superiorly
- Ex: Closing your mouth
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Depression
- Movement of the scapula and jaw
- Movement inferiorly
- Ex: Opening your mouth
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Deviation
Wander from the usual course
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Skull
Bone that covers your brain
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Cervical vertebra
Bones in your neck
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Sternum
Bone of the chest piece
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Ulna
- Pinkie side arm bone
- Thicker of the two
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Radius
- Thumb side arm bone
- Thinner of the two
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Phalanges
Fingers and toes bones
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Lumbar vertebra
Lower back bones
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Coccyx
Bottom of the butt bone
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Tibia
Big, lower leg bone
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Fibula
Little, lower leg bone
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Tarsals
Bones in the foot toward the ankle
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Thoracic Vertebra
Bones in your upper back
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Fibrous Joints
Immovable joints
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Cartilaginous Joints
Slightly moveable joints
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Synovial Joints
- Moveable
- Contain a joint cavity
- Six different types
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Ball-and-Socket Joint
A spherical surface of one bone fits into the dish-shaped depression of another bone
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Ellipsoid Joint
Consists of the oval-shaped end of one bone articulating with the elliptical basin of another bone
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Hinge Joint
Allows only flexion and extension, similar to the movements of a door hinge
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Saddle Joint
A modified ellipsoid joint composed of convex and concave articulating surfaces � like two saddles
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Gliding Joint
Usually between two flat surfaces and allows the least amount of movement of all synovial joints.
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Pivot Joint
Designed to allow one bone to rotate around the surface of another bone
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The Cardiovascular System
- Arteries and veins are the blood vessels
- Form an amazing network that transports blood from the heart, brings it to the body�s tissues, and then carries it back to the heart
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The Nervous System
Brain and spinal cord make up the central part while the remaining aspects form the peripheral
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The Lymphatic System
Perform many functions throughout the body such as draining the interstitial fluid which escapes from capillaries and transporting it back to the heart
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