ENG 405 Exam 2

always true, no matter the context

always false

impossible to assign a truth value

• if you know a sentence's meaning, then you know the conditions under which it would be true.
• If conditions hold- the sentence is synthetically true
• Declarative utterances have straightfoward truth conditions. Interrogative and imperative utteraces don't have truth values in the same sense

things entailed by the sentence- straightforward inferences. If two sentences entail each other, they are synonymous, or paraphrases of each other.

inferences that are assumed to be true, rather than directly asserted

• Relevance- be relevant to the conversation at hand
• Quality - do not lie, do not make unsupported claims
• Quantity - say neither more nor less than the discourse requires
• Clarity/Manner- be brief and orderly, avoid ambiguity and obscurity

triggered when a speaker flouts one or more of these maxims

Action completed solely by speaking- I promise, I apologize, I admit, I command

• deals with the production of speech sounds by humans
• acoustic=physical properties of sounds auditory=perception of sounds articulatory=how vocal tract produces sounds

the grammar of phonetic patterns

• high back - ʊ boot
• mid front – e bait, ɛ bet
• mid central - ə Rosa, ʌ butt
• mid back – o boat ʊ put
• low front –æ bat
• low back - ɔ bore a bomb

• an abstract concept; a meaningful and distinct phone observable to a native speaker
• -produces minimal pairs

the sounds of languages

inventory of meaningful and distinct sounds in a language

rules for how sounds can be combined -syllable structure- onset=initial cluster, followed by rhyme=nucleus(v) and coda(c)

rules of pronunciation, eg distinction between [e] and [ej]- rule is insert a front glid after a front tense vowel (bait, lake)

It's difficult for speakers to turn off their subconcious first language phoneme inventory - aspiration, dipthongization