Anatomy and Physiology

• 1. Regulation of blood ionic composition
• 2. Regulation of blood pH
• 3. Regulation of blood volume
• 4. Regulation of blood pressure
• 5. Regulation of blood osmolarity
• 6. Production of hormones
• 7. Regulation of blood glucose level
• 8. Excretion of wastes and foreign substances

• Renal artery
• Segmental arteries
• Interlobular arteries
• Afferent arterioles
• Glomerular capillaries
• Efferent arterioles
• Peritubular capillaries
• Interlobular veins
• Arcuate veins
• Interlobar veins
• Renal Vein

• 1. Renal corpuscle- where blood plasma is filtered
• 2. Renal tubule- into which the filtered fluid passes

• 1. glomerulus- the capillary network
• 2. glomerular capsule- double walled epithelial cup that surrounds the glomerular capillaries

Blood plasma is filtered here and then the filtered fluid passes into the renal tube.

• 1. proximal convoluted tubule
• 2. loop of Henle
• 3. distal convoluted tubule

• In the corticle nephron their renal corpuscles lie in the outer portion of the renal cortex and they have short loops of henle that lie mainly in the cortex and penetrate only into the outer region of the renal medulla. Short loops recieve thier blood supply from peritubular capillaries that arise from efferent arterioles.
• In the juxtamedullary nephron their renal corpus lie deep in the cortex close to the medulla, and they have a long loop of henle that extends into the deepest region of the medulla. Long loops receive their blood supply from peritubular capillaries and from the vasa recta that arise from efferent arterioles.

• 1. Glomerular filtration- filtration from blood plasma into nephron.
• 2. Tubular reabsorption- Tubular reabsorption from fluid into blood
• 3. Tubular secretion- tubular secretion from blood into fluid.

Renal corpuscle-->proximal convoluted tubule-->loop of henle-->early distal convoluted tubule-->late distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct.

Increases reabsorption of Na+, other solutes, and water, which increases blood volume.

Increase secretion of K+ and reabsorption of Na+ and Cl-;water, increases reabsorption of water, which increases blood volume.

Increases facultative reabsorption of water, which deceases osmolarity of body fluids.

Increase excretion of Na+ in urine; increase urine output and thus decrease blood volume.

Increases reabsorption of Ca²⁺

low blood volume or low blood pressure

increased angiotensin II level and increased level of plasma K⁺

Increased osmolarity of extracellular fluid or decreased blood volume.

stretching of atria of heart

Decreased level of plasma Ca²⁺

ATP

• 1. Substrate-level phosphorylation
• 2. Oxidative phosphorylation
• 3. Photophosphorylation

It generates ATP by transferring a high-energy phosphate group from an intermediate phosphorylated metabolic compound directly to ADP.

Removes electrons from organic compounds and passes them through a series of electronacceptors (called the electrontransport chain) to molecules of oxygen.

occurs only in chloryphill containing plant cells

• 1. Glycolysis
• 2. Formation of acetyl coenzyme A
• 3. Krebs Cycle reactions
• 4. Electron trasport chain reactions

The oxidation of glucose to produce ATP.

a set of reactions in which one glucose molecule is oxidized and two molecules of pyruvic acid are produced. It also produces two molecules of ATP and two energy containing NADH+H⁺

A transition step that prepares pyruvic acid for entrance into the Krebs Cycle. Also produces energy-containing NADH+H⁺ and CO_2.

oxidized acetyl coenzyme A and produce CO₂, ATP, energy containing NADH+H⁺, and FADH^2.

Oxidize NADH+H⁺ and FADH² and transfer their electrons through a series of electron carriers.

produce sperm and secrete hormones.