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What is Staphylococcus' structure?
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What is the most common staph and what is it resistant to?
- Staphyolococcus aureus
- Methicillin resistant (MRSA)
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What are the 6 enzymes of S. aureus?
- coagulase (only one that does)
- hyaluronidase- breaks down connective tissue
- staphlokinase- breaks down blood clots
- nuclease- kills DNA
- lipase- breaks down fats
- penicillinase- breaks down penicillin
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What are the toxins of S. aureus?
- Hemolysins- breaks down red blood cells
- leukocidin- breaks down with blood cells
- enterotoxins- breaks down GI lining
- exfoliative toxin- breaks down skin
- Toxic shock syndrome toxin
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Where are the following cutaneous infections found? folliculitis, hidradenitis, furuncle, carbuncle, impetigo
- folliculitis- hair follicle
- hidradenitis- sweat glands
- furuncle- gets into dermis of the skin
- carbuncle- group of furuncles
- impetigo - around the mouth
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Where are the following system infections found?
Osteomyelitis, secondary osteomyelitis, Pneumonia
- primary- bones (originates in blood)
- secondary- break in skin, burrows to the bone (common in diabetics)
- Lung abscesses- high mortality (caused by inhalation)
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Location and effect of Staphylococcus epidermis?
- Normal bacteria on skin
- If infected UTI from catheter
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Where are S. hominis located?
Sweat glands (stinky) arm pits and groin
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Where is S. capitis?
head hair
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What does S. saprophyticus cause?
UTI in sexually active adolescent females
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What are the defenses against staph?
- Unbroken skin
- White blood cells
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How do you clinically detect Staph?
- Gram postive cocci clumps
- Catalase positive (when you pour H2O2 on it, it fizzes)
- Grows anaerobically
- Coagulase test (S. aureus +) (all others -)
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How do you treat staphylococcus infections?
- clean abscesses out
- systematic conditions- IV antibiotic
- No vaccines
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What are the general characteristics of Streptococcus?
- Round colonies
- Non-spore forming
- Nonmotile
- Faculative anaerobes
- Catalase negative
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How are strep classified?
- Cell wall antigens
- Strep A through N
- Hemolysis of RBC
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What are the 2 ways Strep hemolysis red blood cells?
- Alpha- partially ( leaves a green residue)
- Beta- completely (leaves a clear residue)
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What is the difference between toxins and enzymes?
All enzymes are proteins, but not all toxins are proteins
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What are the major extracellular toxins of Streptococcus pyogenes (group A)?
- Streptolysin O (SLO)- attacks deep tissue
- Streptolysin S (SLS)- attacks surface tissue (tonsils)
- Erthogenix toxin- bright red rash on skin (scarlet fever)``
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What does an ASLO test do?
Test to see if you have had strep in the past ~year
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What are the major extracellular enzymes of Streptococcus pyogenes (group A)?
- Streptokinase- breaks down clots
- Hyaluronidase- breaks down connective tissue
- Streptodornase-breaks down DNA
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How is S. pyogenes (group A) transmitted?
- Droplets (mucus an saliva)
- airborn (very rare)
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What are the 2 types of skin infections caused by S. pyogenes (group A)?
- Pyoderma- superficial
- erysipelas- gets to the dermis
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What is Streptococcal pharyngitis?
Strep throat
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What is rheumatic fever?
Strep attacks joints, heart valves and kidneys
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What is acute glomerulonephritis (AGN)?
Strep attacks the kidneys
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Where is Streptococcus agalactiae (group B) located?
- Normal flora of the vagina
- Can infect infants (cause endocarditis)
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What is group D and where is it located?
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How much of poo is made from bacteria?
~50%
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What can group A and G cause?
Rare but Upper respiratory infection
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Where are Viridans found?
- Normal flora of the mouth
- May infect during bloody dental procedures
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How do we identify, treat and prevent Strep?
- Blood sheep agar
- penicillin
- developing nasal spray for group A
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What are the characteristics of Streptococcus pneumonia?
- Viridan group A
- Lancet shaped cells
- Smooth colonies (alpha hemolysis)
- Falcultative anerobe (too much O2 will kill it)
- Capsule
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What does lobar pneumonia do?
Walls off in lungs
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How is S. pneumonia cultivated? Specimen and result
- Loogie
- Gram-stains purple round chains or diplococci
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How do you treat and prevent S. pneumococcus?
- Penicillin
- pneumonia vaccine
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How does Gonococcus infect?
Pili attach to the epithelium of the urethra
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What are the symptoms of genital gonorrhea in males?
Yellow discharge and painful urination
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What are the symptoms of Genitourinary Gonorrhea in females?
- 1/2 the time bloody discharge
- other 1/2 no symptoms (dangerous because if left untreated can cause Pelvic Inflammatory Disease)
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What are the 3 types of extragenital Gonococcal infections in adults?
Pharyngitus (mouth and throat) Conjunctivitis (eye) Protitis (butt)
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Why do they put erythromycin in infants eyes?
To prevent conjunctivitis (from gonorrhea)
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What are the symptoms and treatment of gonorrhea?
- symptoms and gram negative diplococci
- Zithromax
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What is the transmission of meningococcus?
- droplets usually through the nasopharynx
- have pili that get into the blood stream, which get to the miningies
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What age is most susceptible for meningococcus?
6-36 months and 10-20 years
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How do you diagnose meningococucus?
Lumbar puncture, blood culture or nasopharyx swab
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What is the treatment and preventative therapy for meningococcus?
- Penicillin and steroids
- vaccine
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