Antho 1101 II

The fact of evolution was known prior to Darwin. The theory of evolution, through naturalselection (how evolution occurred), was
A. Darwin’s major contribution
B. actually the idea of Darwin’s grandfather
C. Linnaeus’s major contribution
D. at odds with the fossil record
E. compatible with theories of biblical scholars

What are the two other mechanisms of genetic evolution that complement natural selection?

What role do recombination and independent assortment play in evolution?
A. They work to limit the number of potential phenotypes.
B. They act to create genetic variability in a breeding population.
C. They work to limit the amount of variation in a population.
D. They act to reduce the overall fitness of a breeding population.
E. They increase the frequencies of deleterious genes.

Mutations
A. are sources of genetic variation.
B. always result in phenotypic change.
C. were discovered by Mendel.
D. occur in 50% of sex cells.
E. only occur during the development of an individual.

Evolution can be most simply defined as
A. mutations in a breeding population.
B. descent with modification.
C. natural selection.
D. the process of achieving a perfect fit to the environment.
E. competition over strategic resources.

In the debate of how speciation occurs, advocates of punctuated equilibrium
A. have revived Darwin’s classic description of change over time.
B. agree with creationists on views about the flaws in fossil dating techniques.
C. define species the same way creationists and gradualists do.
D. suggest that long periods of stasis (stability), during which species change little, areinterrupted by evolutionary leaps.
E. describe macroevolution as the gradual accumulation of evolutionary changes over time.

It is important to understand that racial categories are based upon perceptions of phenotypicfeatures, and not on genotypes, because
A. this means that you are in a place that does not use genealogy.
B. this means that racial categories are internationally standardized.
C. this means that racial categories are socially defined, not biologically determined.
D. this means that race should be determined by skeletal measurements, especially cranialcapacity.
E. this means that racial genotypes are more accurate.

What is the term for a gradual shift in gene frequencies between neighboring populations?
A. allele
B. phenotype
C. cline
D. genotype
E. cluster

What is the term for adaptive biological changes that take place during an individual'slifetime?
A. linguistic adaptation
B. cultural adaptation
C. phenotypical adaptation
D. genotypical adaptation
E. species-level adaptation

What does Thomson's nose rule state?
A. Nose size is causally linked to skin color.
B. Short noses are adaptive in cold environments.
C. Nose size is causally linked to cranial capacity.E. Long noses are adaptive in hot environments.
D. Long noses are adaptive in cold environments.

Gene flow between populations works to prevent speciation.
True False

Natural selection operates directly on the genotype of an organism.
True False

Physical features cluster into discrete genetic units. This permits biologists andanthropologists to distinguish among racial groups.
True False

Higher amounts of melanin in the skin inhibit the body's ability to manufacture vitamin D.
True False

One of Mendel's contributions to genetics was that he discovered traits were inherited asdiscrete units.
True False

What is the relevance of primatology to anthropology?
A. primatology is relevant only to applied anthropologists concerned about deforestationand poaching
B. there is no longer any relevance of primatology to anthropology because the most important research in the field has already been done
C. it helps anthropologists make inferences about the early social organization of hominidsand untangle issues of human nature and the origins of culture
D. it provides evidence for a newly revised description of the Great Chain of Being
E. it is central to anthropologists who work in forensics

2.Which of the following are most closely related to chimpanzees?
A. humans
B. lemurs
C. orangutans
D. siamangs
E. gibbons

3.What is the term for a trait that organisms have jointly inherited from a common ancestor?
A. phenotypeD.allele
B. homology
C. analogy
E.meiosis

Which of the following traits is not associated with primates?
A. brain complexity
B. reliance on smell as the main sense
C. social groupings
D. grasping adaptations
E. stereoscopic vision

Platyrrhines/catarrhines is the same as
A. prosimians/anthropoids.
B. New World monkeys/Old World monkeys.
C. Old World monkeys/New World monkeys.
D. terrestrial/arboreal.
E. brachiators/non-brachiators.

Sexual dimorphism refers to
A. sexual maturation rates of prosimian.
B. marked differences in male and female anatomy and temperament
C. continued sexual discrimination in anthropology departments
D. marked differences between Old World and New World monkeys.
E. marked differences between terrestrial and arboreal mating patterns.

What species is believed to be ancestral to the modern orangutan?
A. Sivapithecus
B. Dryopithecus
C. Afropithecus
D. Pierolapithecus
E. Gigantopithecus

What is the name of the theological belief that all living things could be placed in aprogressive hierarchy?
A. Divine Classification
B. Binomial Nomenclature
C. Heavenly Order
D. Celestial Hierarchy of Life
E. Great Chain of Being

Based on scientific theories of evolution, humans are not descended from gorillas orchimps. Rather,
A. they are descended from gorillas only.
B. it is the other way around: gorillas and chimps are descended from humans.
C. humans were descended from Adam and Eve.
D. humans and the African apes share a common ancestor.
E. they are descended from chimps.

Sahelanthropus tchadensis, or “Toumai”
A. may be the oldest possible human ancestor yet found.
B. looks more like a chimp than a human, especially because it has a protruding snout.
C. apparently lived in a habitat with scarce animal life and mountain terrain.
D. may be the oldest possible “missing link” between gorillas and Oreopithecus bambolii.
E. moves scientists close to the time when humans and the American apes diverged from acommon ancestor.

Humans and apes belong to the same taxonomic superfamily, Hominoidea.
True False

Like apes and hominids, Old World monkeys have full color vision, which prosimians andmost New World monkeys lack.
True False

The earliest primates were exclusive carnivores
True False

Hominins first appeared in the late Miocene or early Pliocene (5 to 2 m.y.a.).
True False

Evidence suggests that Oreopithecus may have been able to shuffle in an upright posture.
True False

A characteristic trend in hominin evolution has been the increase in brain size, especiallywith the advent of the genus Homo. But this increase had to overcome some obstacles. Inparticular,
A. the challenges of walking with head that is too heavy.
B. overcoming the trend of ever more self-sufficient children that are eager to separatethemselves from their mothers.
C. overcoming the trend of clumsy locomotion that makes hominins vulnerable topredators.
D. larger skulls demand larger birth canals, but the requirements of upright bipedalismimpose limits on the expansion of the human pelvic opening.
E. larger skulls demand more elastic birth canals, but skeletal development during awoman’s lifetime limit the elasticity of birth canals.

Australopithecus had at least six species:
A. A. anamensis, A. afarensis, A. kenyanthropus, A. kadabba, A. garhi, and A. robustus
B. all discovered in Africa except, A. boisei.
C. A. anamensis, A. afarensis, A. africanus, A. garhi, A. robustus, and A. boisei
D. but only 5 of them have been confirmed to be bipedal, thus putting into question that allaustralopithecines were hominins.
E. all discovered and named by the Leaky family.

“Lucy” is the nickname of
A. Mary Leaky
B. an A. afarensis, found in the Hadar site.
C. Timothy White’s favorite fossil.
D. Jane Goodall
E. an A. anamensis, found in Tanzania.

What is one of the probable explanations of the extinction of the australopithecines?
A. They had no social organization.
B. They are relatively unimportant to the study of human evolution.
C. The broad-spectrum revolution was not adaptive.
D. They were a short-lived, transitional stage between apes and humans.
E. They were eventually unsuccessful in competing for available resources with earlypopulations of Homo.

Which of the following is a difference between Homo erectus and the australopithecines?
A. Homo erectus exhibited full bipedalism.
B. The australopithecines' teeth suggest they ate a lot more meat.
C. Homo erectus had the largest sagittal crest of any hominin.
D. Homo erectus' mortuary practices are less elaborate.
E. Homo erectus' cranial capacity was much larger.

How were Oldowan tools manufactured?
A. By chipping flakes off a core.
B. By grinding a coarser stone against a softer one.
C. By picking animal bones and shaping them to form tools.
D. By striking steel against a stone core.
E. By pressuring a stone core with deer antlers to produce flakes.

What model of evolutionary change does the sharp contrast between H. habilis and H.erectus support?
A. gradualism
B. creationism
C. convergent evolution
D. punctuated equilibrium
E. uniformitarianism

H. erectus is generally associated with which of the following lithic industries?
A. Upper Paleolithic
B. Neolithic
C. Mousterian
D. Acheulian
E. Oldowan

The first hominin species to be found outside of Africa is
A. Homo erectus.
B. Sahelanthropus tchadensis.
C. Homo ergaster.
D. Eoanthropus dawsonii.
E. Homo habilis.

Where have H. erectus fossils never been found?
A. Brazil
B. Indonesia
C. Hungary
D. China
E. France

The footprints at the site of Laetoli in northern Tanzania were made by Australopithecusafarensis.
True False

The genus Homo did not appear until after all of the australopithecines had died off.
True False

The recent Dmanisi fossil finds suggest a rapid spread, by 1.7 m.y.a., of early Homo out ofAfrica into Eurasia.
True False

H. erectus is associated with the cultural period named Upper Paleolithic
True False

A characteristic trend in hominin evolution has been the increase in brain size, especiallywith the advent of the genus Homo.
True False