Biology Chapter 23-24

all animals have some form that is a first line of defense

infectious agents that can cause disease

engulfing and destroying foreign substances

Redness, Heat and Swelling

• 1.Tissue injury- release of chemicla signals: histamine
• 2. Dilation and increase leakiness of local blood vessels-migration of phagocytes to area
• 3. Phagocytes consume bacteria and cell debris-tissue heals

• innate and aquired immuninty
• Consists of: Thymus and spleen

• Fight Infection
• Return fluid to cirulatory system

antigen

Bone marrow (humoral immune response)

thymus (cell-mediated immune response)

• 1. B-cells with different antigen receptors
• 2. Antigen molecules attach to the receptors
• 3. Selective cell is activated, grows and divides into two identical cells
• 4. First group is effector cells that combat the antigen are short lived
• 5. Second group of cells is memory cells last for decades.

closed

• carry blood AWAY from the heart to body organs and tissues
• thicker connective tissue and thicker smooth muscle

• return blood to the heart
• has a one-way valve

convey blood between arteries and veins with each tissue

capillaries

muscle contration and breathing

2 chambered heart

3 chambered heart

4 chambered heart

Starts at right ventricle pumps blood to the lungs via pulmonary arteries then through the capillaries of the lungs with oxygen rich blood that flows back through pulmonary veins to the left atrium from there the blood flows to the left ventricle and leaves the heart through the aorta. Which then supplies the capillaries of the head, chest and arms and also the cappilaries of the abdomon and legs. The capillaries rejoin to veins and oxygen-poor blood is channeled into the superior and inferior vena cava which then goes into the right atrium.

• 2 thin-walled atria
• Pump blood
• 2 thick-wall ventricles

• the heart is working
• going from atria into ventricles

• the heart is resting
• going from veins into heart chambers

SA-node (Sinoatrial node)

myocardial infarction damage of cardiac muscle as a result of blockage

• build up of plaque developed in the inner walls of ateries
• Treated by: Bypass and Angioplasty

death of brain tissue resulting from blockage of ateries in the head

saphenous vein from the leg to replace clotted vein in heart

Blow up of balloon and place a wire mesh tubes to prop arteries open

difference between systolic and diastolic

force that blood exerts against walls of blood vessels

works hearder to pump blood through the body

Basophil, Eosinophil, Lymphocyte, Monocyte and Neutrophil

Erythrocytes

Fibrinogen and Immunoglobulins

Anemia

• Platelets adhere to exposed connictive tissue
• Platelet plug forms
• Fibrin clot traps blood cells