Micro Drug Review

Gram (+) - PCN breaks down peptidoglycan

• Methicillin is a semisynthetic drug - altered to be enicillinase resistant
• caused MRSA - no longer used

Penicillinase is made my bacteria - inactivates penicillin by cleaving the Beta lactam ring

• Methicillin Resistant Staph Aurius
• Rx = Vancomycin

They are semisynthetic - altered to be broad spectrum by adding a polar group- can kill Gram (-) bacteria

• last generation PCN and most powerful
• will kill 98% of hospital microbes

• Augmentin = amoxicillin + penicillinase inhibitor
• broad spectrum & resistant to penicillinase

Each gen works better against Gram (-) - broader spectrum

• INH = isoniazid
• Rx = 1 year of INH + rifampin or ethambutol
• can cause drug hepatitis

can cause aplastic anemia - no blood cell production

• streptomycin
• neomycin
• gentamycin
• Ototoxic (auditory nerve) & nephrotoxic (renal failure)
• Prevent damage by monitoring blood levels for toxicity
• Broad spectrum but work best on Gram (-)

• Doxycycline is a Tetracycline that blocks protein synthesis
• Broad spectrum- excellent penetrating properties
• Can wipe out normal flora→ superinfection
• also stains developing teeth

• Macrolides - inhibits protein synthesis
• broad spectrum PO

• Blocks DNA replication
• Used for B. anthrax & UTIs - IV for urosepsis

• Bactrim is a Sulfa drug (sulfonamides)
• Bactrim = TMP (trimethoprim) + SMZ (sulfamethoxazole) - need less of each drug alone
• - inhibits folic acid synthesis (PABA blocker)

• Silvadene = silver + sulfadiazene
• Compeditive inhibitor
• Silver causes heavy metal toxicity to bacteria (denatures proteins)

• Amphotericin B is an Antifungal drug - effects sterols of fungus
• Used to treat systemic fungal infections (IV) & oral thrush PO
• It is nephrotixic - renal failure

Miconazole is an Antifungal drug that effects ergosterol (sterol) in fungus cell membrane

Monistat 7 is a topical antifungal cream used to treat Candida vaginitis (yeast infection)

• Dermatophytes are nail fungus - they live under fingernails & toenails
• Terbinafine - Lamisil - is used to kill them - alters cell membrane steroles = loss of selective permeability

• AZT = Ziduvidine - Antiviral drug that is a reverse transcriptase inhibitor
• Used to treat HIV which is an RNA retrovirus - needs reverse transcriptase to make DNA to replicate

• Amantadine is an Antiviral drug that inhibits viral uncoating - cant replicate
• Used to treat Influenza, MS, Parkinson's

acyclovir = Zovirax - an antiviral drug that blocks DNA replication by making false nucleotides

Used to treat Herpes simplex I & II, varicella (chicken pox & shingles), Epstein Barr (Mono)

• Chloroquine is a quinine derivative - Anti-protozoan drug
• #1 drug for Malaria (plasmodium)

• Flagyl is an Anti-protozoan drug that damages DNA (disrupts double helix shape)
• Used to treat Giardia (protozoa)
• It is used for bowel perforations becuase it also kills anaerobic bacteria