A&P

the science that deals with the structure of matter

anything that takes up space and has mass

the amount of material in matter

the smallest stable units of matter

positively charged subatomic particle in the nucleus of an atom

neutrally charged subatomic particle in the nucleus of an atom

a negatively charged subatomic particle that travels around the nucleus (weighs much less)

number of protons in an atom

shell surrounding the nucleus of an atom (2, 8, 8.....

a pure substance composed of atoms of only one kind

atoms of the same element whose nuclei contain the same number of protons, but different numbers of neutrons

the total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus

the actual mass of an atom, measured in daltons or atomic mass units (amu)

unfilled energy levels, they will react with other atoms, usually in ways that give them full outer electron shells

filled outermost energy level are stable and therefore do not readily react with other atoms

any chemical structure consisting of atoms held together by covalent bonds

a pure chemical substance made up of atoms of two or more different elements, regardless of the type of bonding joining them

atoms or molecules that carry an electric charge

ion with a positive charge

ion with a negative charge

chemical bonds created by the electrical attraction between anions and cations

the sharing of electrons between two atoms to complete their outer shell of electrons

sharing of one pair of electrons

sharing of two pair of electrons

equal sharing of the electrons

unequal sharing of the electrons, creating a polar (charged) ends ex) H2O

an ion or molecule with unpaired electrons in its outermost shell (often unstable, reactive, and destructive)

O attracts H's electrons more strongly than H does (O becomes slightly/partially negative; H becomes slightly/partially positive)

a weak bond with a hydrogen atom, too weak to form its molecules but can change shape and pull molecules together (protein and dna) and the properties of water (surface tension)

bonds are broken, atoms are rearranged, and new bonds are formed

what goes in

what comes out

the sum total of all the chemical reactions occurring in the body at any given moment

the movement of an object (matter) or change in its physical structure

the capacity to perform work

is the energy of motion - energy that can be transferred to another object and perform work

• is stored energy - energy that has the potential to do work due to the
• - position of matter (up high)
• - physical structure of matter (a compressed spring)
• - chemical structure of matter (bonds)

• - decomposition or catabolic
• - synthesis or anabolic
• - exchange
• - reversible

breaking molecules into smaller fragments (digestion); often require water to break covalent bonds (hydrolysis) and release energy (exergonic)

assembling smaller molecules into larger ones (muscle growth); often remove water as covalent bonds are formed (dehydration or condensation) and require energy input (endergonic)

shuffle parts of the reactants to make new products

at equilibrium, the rates of the opposing reactions are equal (in balance) - depends on the activation energy to go back and forth

the amount of energy required to start a reaction

a protein that promotes chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy requirements

• not primarily made of C and H
• - carbon dioxide
• - oxygen
• - water
• - inorganic acids, bases, and salts

• -solubility - water dissolves most charged or polar molecules
• -reactivity - chemical reactions occur in water
• -high heat capacity - water will absorb and release a lot of energy (heat) before changing temperature
• -lubrication - there is little friction between water molecules

the concentration of a solute in moles/L

the weight (in grams) of a substance that is equal to its molecular weight

• pH = -log[H+]
• the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration in moles per liter

7

below 7

above 7

any solute that dissociates in solution and releases hydrogen ions (proton donor)

solute that removes hydrogen ions from a solution (proton acceptor), often by releasing OH-

an ionic compound whose cation is not H+ and whose anion is not OH-

compounds that stabilize the pH of a solution by removing or replacing hydrogen ions

maintain the pH of body fluids, consists of a weak acid and its salt (weak base), releases or removes hydrogen ions in solution ex) carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system; carbonic acid functions as a weak acid and bicarbonate functions as a weak base

• primarily composed of C and H and usually O
• - carbohydrates
• - lipids
• - proteins
• - nucleic acids
• - high energy compounds

• - C, H, O, significantly less O than carbo
• - concentrated energy storage, cell membrane, chemical messengers (hormones)
• - 5classes: fatty acids, eicosanoids, glycerides, steroids, phospholipids/glycolipids

• head: carboxylic acid group -COOH
• tail: long hydrocarbon chain
• saturated, unsaturated, mono, poly
• function: stored energy source

• derived from arachindonic acid
• chemical messenger (local hormones)

• 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids
• function: concentrated stored energy, thermal insulation, protection

• cholesterol and its derivatives
• - large unique 4 ring structures
• function: hormones (sex hormones, corticosteroids, calcitriol), membrane structure, digestion

• have hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails
• function: form cell membranes, form micelles (droplets) in aqueous solutions

• 3D molecules of C,H,O,N, and some S or P
• - their specific shapes are vital to performing specific, essential functions
• function:
• - support (collagen, keratin)
• - movement (actin, myosin)
• - transport (hemoglobin)
• - buffering (plasma proteins)
• - metabolic regulation (enzymes)
• - coordination/control (hormones)
• - defense (antibodies, clotting proteins)
• ect...............

central C, an H, an amino group, a carboxylic acid group, and a variable R group, which differentiates the amino acids types

• 1. primary structure: the linear sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide
• 2. secondary structure: the local folding of parts of the polypeptide (alpha helix or pleated sheet)
• 3. tertiary structure: coiling/folding of the entire molecule into an overall 3D shape
• 4. quaternary structure: the interactions between two or more polypeptides to form a larger protein complex

• contain C,H,O,N,P
• - store and process info inside cells
• - made of chains of nucleotides
• - sugar and phosphate backbone with nitrogenous bases attached to the sugars

• - ribonucleic acid (RNA)
• - single stranded
• - 3 types
• - messenger RNA (mRNA)
• - transfer RNA (tRNA)
• - ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
• - deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
• - the genetic code for protein synthesis and inherited characteristics
• - double stranded with complementary base pairs A-T C-G

a pentose sugar + phosphate group + a nitrogenous base

• purines: "A" adenine and "G" guanine
• pyrimidines: "C" cytosine
• "T" thymine (dna only)
• "U" uracil (rna only)

store cellular energy in high energy bonds for quick release to meet immediate energy demands ex) ATP

made by adding a phosphate group to ADP, can be reversed with help of the enzyme APTase

ADP + P + energy <--> ATP + H2O