-
Definition of X-rays
A form of electromagnetic radiation similar to visible light but of much shorter wavelength
-
Who has the credit for discovering X-rays?
Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen
-
Electromagnetic radiation
A method of transporting energy through space
-
Electromagnetic radiation forms are grouped according to wavelength & frequency, this is called what?
The Electromagnetic Spectrum
-
Two characteristics of electromagnetic radiation
- Particles (protns, nuetrns, elctrns)
- Waves
-
Generation of X-rays
Energy from fast-moving electrons from the cathode (-) are attracted to and collide with the anode (+)
-
What are X-ray beams composed of and what form do they travel in?
- Composed of bundles of energy (photons)
- Travel in the form of a wave
-
What is X-ray absorption?
When X-rays interact with and stay in the object
-
Three factors of X-ray absorption
- Atomic # (greater #'s absorb more)
- Density of object (how tightly packed the atoms are)
- Energy of x-rays
-
What is X-ray penetration?
When X-rays interact with and pass through the object
-
Densities of objects from least to most
- Air
- Fat
- Tissues of H2O density
- Bone
- Enamel (metal)
-
What does is mean when you see black on a film?
The x-rays were not absorbed and made it to the film
-
What does it mean when you see white on a film?
It's areas where x-rays were absorbed into the object
-
What does MPD stand for?
Maximum Permissible Dose ( max. dose of radiation a person may be exposed to in a given amount of time)
-
What id used to measure MPD?
Dosimeter badge
-
Two catagories of radiation exposure units
- Absorbed dose (amnt of energy transmtd by ionizng x-rays to matter) *Gy (gray) or RAD -1gy = 100RADS
- Dose equivalent (amnt of radiatn equal to the absorbd dose in the tissue) *Sv (Sievert) or REM -1Sv = 100REMS
-
What does proper protection protect from?
Radiation scatter
-
What is a fluoroscopy?
A live radiograph
-
What are limits?
Parts of the body not necessarily seen, but are the desired edges of the body part that needs to be included in the primary beam
-
What are landmarks?
Parts of the body that can be seen or palpated to make sure the primary beam contains the limits you need
-
Thorax limits
- Cr: Thoracic inlet
- Cd: Diaphragm
- D: Thoracic vertebrae
- V: Sternum
-
Thorax landmarks
- Cr: Manubrium
- Cd: Xiphoid process
- D: Dorsal spinous processes
- V: Sternum
-
Abdomen limits
- Cr: Diaphragm
- Cd: Pelvic inlet
- D: Lumbar vertebrae
- V: Linea alba
-
Abdomen landmarks
- Cr: Xiphoid process
- Cd: Iliac Crest (wings of ilium)
- D: Dorsal spinous processes
- V: Belly wall
-
Whole body limits
- Cr: Thoracic inlet
- Cd: Pelvic inlet
- D: Spine
- V: Sternum or linea alba
-
Whole body landmarks
- Cr: Manubrium
- Cd: Iliac crest
- D: Dorsal spinous processes
- V: Sternum or belly wall
-
Pelvis limits
- Cr: Pelvic inlet
- Cd: Tuber ischii (ischiatic tuberosity)
-
Pelvis landmarks
- Cr: Iliac crest
- Cd: Tuber ischii
-
-
Cervical spine landmarks
- Cr: Wings of the atlas
- Cd: Dorsal tips of scapula
-
-
Thoracic spine landmarks
- Cr: Dorsal tips of scapulaCd: Last rib
-
-
Lumbar spine landmarks
- Cr: Last rib
- Cd: Iliac crest
-
T/L junction (T11-L2) limits
-
T/L junction (T11-L2) landmarks
- Cr: Last rib
- Cd: Iliac crest
-
What are considered body cavities?
- Thorax
- Abdomen
- Skull
- Spine
- Pelvis
-
What are considered extremities?
-
Positioning terms for body cavities
- Ventral (V)
- Dorsal (D)
- Cranial (Cr)
- Caudal (Cd)
-
Positioning terms for extremitites
- Anterior (A) or Cranial (Cr)
- Posterior (P) or Caudal (Cd)
- Palmar (Pa)
- Plantar (Pl)
- Dorsal
- Extention
- Flexion
-
What does oblique (O) mean?
Radiograph taken at an angle other than 90 degrees
-
Rules for radiographing extremitites
- Place animal on the affected side
- Always include joint above & joint below the bone
- Always include 1/4-1/3 of the bone above & below the joint
-
What are some positioning devices?
- Foam wedges
- Foam boats
- Sand bags
- Tape, ties, gauze, etc.
-
Five steps to processing any film
- Developing
- Rinsing/ stop bath
- Fixing
- Washing
- Drying
|
|
