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The sacrum is located between what?
Lumbar vertebrae and coccyx
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How many fused bones make up the sacral vertebrae?
5
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How many fused bones make up the coccygeal vertebrae?
4
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What ligaments stabilize the vertebrae?
Denticulate ligaments.
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For each disc, what is the outer fibrous ring called?
annulus fibrosus
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For each disc, what is the inner pulpy elastic substance called?
nucleus pulposus. 
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What causes loss of height over time?
Narrowing of the intervertebral discs and compression of vertebrae.
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What structures does the vertebral foramen contain?
spinal cord, [ adipose/areolar connective tissue, blood vessels ] = in epidural space
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The spinal (vertebral) cavity is what?
The vertebral foramina of all vertebrae
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What 2 structures compose the vertebral arch?
pedicle and lamina
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How many processes arise from each verebral arch?
Name them.
spinal cord, [ adipose/areolar connective tissue, blood vessels ] = in epidural space
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What kind of vetebrae is this? What characterizes this kind of vertebrae?
Cervical (small body), bifid spine, 2 transverse foramina, 1 vertebral foramen
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Which vertebrae have the largest vertebral foramen?
Cervical
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Which passes through the transverse foramen?
vertebral artery/vein and nerve fibers
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What is this?
POSTERIOR
The atlas (no body, no spine)
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Which vertebrae is the vertbra prominens?
C7 --> can feel at base of neck
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What makes the thoracic vertebrae unique?
They articulate w/ the ribs.
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What direction are the articular facets for the lumbar vertebrae?
- Superior ones: medial
- Inferior ones: lateral
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What type of vertebrae is this?
lumbar (medially facing superior facet joints), huge body
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The manumbrium articulates w/ which ribs
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Which ribs connect to the body of the sternum?
2-10
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Which ribs are the true ribs?
1-7, because attach directly to sternum
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Which ribs are the false ribs?
AKA vertebrochondral ribs
8-12,
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How many spinal nerves are there? How many of each
- 31:
- 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 1 coccygeal
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Where do spinal nerves exit from the vertebrae?
Intravertebral foramina
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Where does the spinal cord usually end?
about L2
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What is the most common cuse of spinal nerve root damage?
herniated intervertebral disc.
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What are tracts?
Bundels of Axons in the CNS
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What is the equivalent of tracts in the PNS?
nerves.
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Does the dorsal or ventral root have a ganglion?
Dorsal root ganglion.
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What are the only nerves that go directly to the body structures they supply?
T2-T12 (all others form plexuses)
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Which nerve supplies motor fibers to the diaphragm?
Phrenic nerve. (which receives contributions from C3, C4, C5)--> so severing above this causes resp. arrest
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Which spinal nerves form the brachial plexus?
C5-C8 & T1
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Brachial plexus --> name the division from roots to branches
roots--> trunks--> divisions--> cords--> branches
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Wrist drop indicates injury to what nerve?
Radial
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This is typical of what type of condition?
Erb's palsy (waiter's tip position)
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Winged scapula can be due to damage to which nerve?
Long thoracic nerve.
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What are the 5 important nerves from the brachial plexus?
- 1) Axillary
- 2) Musculocutaneous
- 3) Radial
- 4) Median
- 5) Ulnar
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