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viral structure
- capsid
- genes
- envelope (maybe)
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viral capsid made up of
protein coat
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viral envelope made up of
protein and phospholipid
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all living organisms have either DNA or RNA, or both?
both DNA and RNA
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viral infection:
1. binds to specific chemical receptor on host mem.
2. viral nucleic acid penetrates cell
3. engulfed
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how are animal viruses engulfed?
endocytosis
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What is a bacteriophage?
bacteria infecting virus
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lytic infection v. lysogenic infection
lytic = virus takes over host machinery and host cell lysis
lysogenic = viral DNA is incorporated into host genome
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How does virus with RNA incorporate itself into host genome?
requires reverse transcriptase
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What is the latent period?
cell may fill with new viruses until it lyses (bursts)
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What is a prophage?
dormant virus in bacterial cell
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Types of viruses (nucleic acids):
- single stranded RNA
- double stranded RNA
- single stranded DNA
- double stranded DNA
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plus-strand RNA
minus-strand RNA
plus = proteins made are directly translated from RNA
minus = complement to mRNA and must first be transcribed to tRNA before translation
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viroids
only infect plants
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prions
naked proteins capable of reproducing themselves without DNA/RNA
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How does human body fight against viral infection?
antibodies
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How do antibodies fight off viral infection? (bind and fight)
recognize spikes on envelope
bind to viral protein and destroy infected cells
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autotrophs
CO2 as Carbon source
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heterotrophs
organic molecules as C source
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phototrophs
light as energy source
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chemotrophs
organic or inorganic molecules as energy source
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prokaryotic DNA (how is it different from eukaryotic?)
no nucleus
no histones (archaea does have histones)
circular
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shapes of bacteria
- cocci (round)
- bacilli (rod)
- spirochete (helical)
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What are mesosomes?
invaginations of plasma membrane
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What does amphipathic mean?
both polar and nonpolar
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How do peripheral proteins bind to membrane?
ionically
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What moderates membrane fluidity in eukaryotes? prokaryotes?
eukaryotes = cholesterol (reduce fluidity)
prokaryotes = hapanoids (reduce fluidity)
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What is a hypertonic solution?
more solute inside
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What is a hypotonic solution?
more solute outside
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permeability across membrane depends on....
size and polarity
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Are more polar molecules more or less permeable across membrane?
less permeable
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Bacterial envelope (composition and function)
protects membrane and everything inside
made up of peptidoglycan
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most bacteria are hypertonic or hypotonic?
hypertonic
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Gram + bacteria
thick peptidoglycan layer
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Gram - bacteria
thin peptidoglycan layer
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staining of gram + and - bacteria
positive = purple
negative = pink
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Is prokaryotic flagella the same as eukaryotic flagella?
no
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prokaryotic flagella rotate
counterclockwise
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Where does prokaryotic flagella get the energy to rotate?
proton gradient, not ATP
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bacterial reproduction
binary fission (2 identical daughter cells)
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What goes on in binary fission?
DNA polymerase begins in circle
move in on different ends and make complementary strand
cell divides
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How can bacteria recombine genetic information?
conjugation
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What is required in order for conjugation to occur
plasmid must contain gene that codes for sex pilus
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What is the sex pilus?
bridge that connects the 2 bacteria
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What codes for sex pilus?
F factor
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R plasmid
resistance to some antibiotics
(gram negative)
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transformation
naked transfer of DNA from env. (nonviral)
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transformation how?
lysis of other bacteria
or added in lab
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transduction
viruses in lysogenic cycle release from bacteria A and infect bacteria B
injecting bacteria A into bacteria B
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endospores in what kind of bacteria?
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What are endospores resistant to?
heat, UV radiation, chemical disinfectants
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What are fungi? (cell type and energy source)
eukaryotic heterotrophs
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What is the septa?
cell wall
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Fungi is an exodigester. What does that mean?
digests food outside the body
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What is yeast?
A unicellular fungi
(single-celled eukaryote)
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Is yeast an aerobe or anaerobe?
facultative acaerobe
more ATP with O2 but can survive without O2
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Yeast without oxygen produce what
ethanol results from fermentation
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Yeast reproduction
budding (asexual reproduction)
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Fungi reproduction (haploid or diploid)?
haploid
quicker under unfavorable conditions
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Can fungi reproduce sexually or asexually?
both
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When sexually and when asexually?
asexual = good conditions (identical offspring)
sexual = tough conditions (diff. offspring)
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Eukaryotic nucleus
contains all DNA (except some in mitochondria)
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RNA and DNA in nucleus
RNA can leave through pores
DNA cant
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Two kinds of endocytosis?
phagocytosis
pinocytosis
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phagocytosis v. pinocytosis
- phagocytosis (eat)
- pinocytosis (drink)
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What is phagocytosis?
membrane reaches out and engulfs particle
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pinocytosis
extra fluid engulfed by invagination of cell membrane
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What do lysosomes do?
break down macromolecules
-
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What happens to material not degraded by lysosome?
its ejected
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smooth ER and lipids
stores triglycerides
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what is the importance in storing triglycerides
energy storage & body temperature regulation
cholesterol formation
synthesizes phospholipids
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smooth ER and toxins
oxidizes foreign substances detoxifies drugs, pesticides, toxins
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What are peroxisomes?
vesicles in cytosol
produce and break down H2O2
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Which are larger, microtubules or microfilaments?
microtubules
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examples of microtubules
flagella and cilia
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example of microfilaments
actin
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microtubules structure
9 + 2 arrangement
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flagella v. cilia movement
- flagella = wiggle
- cilia = whip (lateral)
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Where do humans have cilia
fallopian tubes and respiratory tract
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tight junctions - where? and what do they do there?
epithelial tissue in bladder, intestines, and kidney
prevent waste fluids from seeping out
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desmosome
join cells at a single point
attach to cytoskeleton (STRONG)
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desmosomes - where?
tissues that experience much stress (skin, epithelial)
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gap junction
small molecules and ions pass through
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Do eukaryotes or prokaryotes have centrioles?
only eukaryotes
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does mitochondria have histones or nucleosomes?
no -
similar to prokaryotes
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What does disinfecting do?
cleans off a surface of any pathogenic microbes -
can kill some nonpathogenic microbes in the process
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bacteriophages integrate into host nucleus or mitochondria?
neither -
bacteria are prokaryotes and have neither nucleus or mitochondria
infect cytoplasm
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