MedicalMIBI

Lysozyme

penicillin

aminoglycoside antibiotic

Macrolide antibiotic

Quinolones

R plasmid

static drug

• larger
• greater

• Dilution suseptibility test
• Disk Diffusion Test
• The E-Test

• Membrane sterols
• Chitin --> Chitin synthase

Amantadine

Cydofovir

Tami Flu

quinine Drugs

blood clots, necrotic tissue, biofilms

• blocks entrance
• pump the drug out once it has enetered (efflux pumps)
• drug inactivation through chemical modification

isoprenyl glycerol ether linkages

• High therpeutic index
• target molecule is specific to pathogen
• Great toxic selectivity
• Broad range
• No resistance against drug

• MIC test
• Minimal Inhibition Concentration

It must be considered how the drug spreads through the body with regards to how fast it moves through the body, the half-life of the drug which may be dependant on the location of the pathogen infection. The drug stability must also be considered.

Not known to cause disease in humans

Associated with human disease.

• potential aerosol tranmission
• disease may be serious or lethal

• high risk of life-threatening disease
• agents with unknown risk of tranmission

characterizing based on specificity of phage surface proteins for cell surface receptors.

a agar plate is inoculated to grow a thick lawn. The lawn is sectioned, and to each section a phage is added. The specific phages will kill bacteria causing plaques. The bacteria are them labeled and catagorized based on phage sensitivities.

• the analysis of proteins and nucelic acids. Tests for routine clinical microorganisms. Quick results due to DNA hybridization.
• The benefit is it requires the presence of fewr microorganisms.
• Uses PCR

Amplifying (PCR) small RSU and then comparing the sequences with international databases. A hugh benefit - high conservation of 16s rRNA in bacteria.

the sequencing and analyses of "house-keeping genes" in bacteria.

Identifies pathogens. Compares DNA fragments by restriction endonuclease digestion.

Identifies isolates of the same or similar strains by plasmids. Cuts the plasmids into fragments with restriction endonucleases and seperates them by gel electrophoresis.

• direct agglutination is good for the diagnosis of certain diseases. It identifies quickly when cultures are not feasible
• Hemagglutination is used in blood typing, viral heagglutination and DIAGNOSIS of inlfuenza.
• The test is done in plate which constitutes many latex-coated wells.
• The wells bind to either antigens or antibodies.
• Complementary binfing will cause to blood to clot forming a positive test,.

• Antigens from the virus are in the blood. The immune system should have also reacted if the infection is not too fresh.
• If the virus antigens are known and available, bind these to the wells, The blood should have antibodies so once added to the well they should neutalize the virus thus preventing clotting,.

• Viral hemagluttination.
• Add the blood to the plates. If it contains the virus it should clott. If we add available measle antibodies, it should break up the clots.

• the test is very sensitive, can detect very small amounts of antibodies from a suspect microorganism in blood serum.
• indicator cells are added ( sheep RBC coated with complement-fixing antibodies)
• if the immune complex is present (antigen+antibody) in serum, the it uses the complement, and thus the indicator cells are not lysed.
• If there is no infection, complement is not used up and the indicator cells are lysed.

• Gel electrophoresis of a protein followed by a transfer to a sheet for analysis of banding patterns.
• The Western Blot identifies presence and specific protein among different strains of microorganisms
• It also shows strain-specific antibodies in the event of an immune response

• heat-labile
• toxic protein released by both types of proteins into the surrounding
• treatment is available
• very potent, can be lethal
• toxoids can provide immunity
• can be a super-antigen --over-stimulates the immune system causing excessive cytokines and organ failure

• no treatment available
• gram-negative bacteria
• a lipid-A molecule of the membrane release when cell dies
• causes fever, septic shock

competition for resources with microflora

A term that describes disease that is tranmitted from animal to human

LD50! Measure the pathogen dose required to kill 50% of infected hosts.

intact skin and flushing systems

• keratinocytes - skin sheds removing microorganisms that manage to attach
• slightly acidic (pH 5-6) due to skin oil
• high [NaCl]7subject to periodic drying

• a coating; resists microbial penetration and traps microorganisms
• antimicrobial enzymes (3): lysozyme, lactoferrin and lactoperoxidase

damage bacterial plasma membranes through electrostatic interations - formation of ionic pores in membrane altering membrane permeability

• proteins release by microflora
• proteins are toxic to other types of the same strain

• augments phagocytosis
• defends against infection by opsonization, activiated leukocytes, and lysis of bacteria
• they enhance antibody response and immunologic memory
• dispose waste

process of coating (tagging) bacteria for phagocytosis

complement protein

cytokines!

• promotes apoptosis
• stimulates cell differentiation
• attracts phagocytic cells and lymphocytes
• stimulate cell migration
• TNF- promotes inflammation, fever, induces apoptosis
• regulates growth and differentiation process in blood cells

• a regulatory cytokine
• a respons to viral infction
• acts to prevent viral repplication and assembly thus limiting viral infection

phagocytosis of bacteria releases cytokines. Endogenous pyrogens that are produced by the macrophages.

• stimulates leukocytes
• enhances specific activity of the immune system
• enhances growth inhibition by decreasing available iron to the pathogen

• brain tissue
• spinal tissue and fluid
• blood

• macrophage ingests bacteria and releases cytokines
• cytokines act on the liver causing it to produce acute phase proteins
• they bind to the bacteria and act by opsonization

nuetrophil

dendritic cell

to activate wandering lymphocytes after phagocytosis

• injured cells release cytokines which increase permeability of blood capillaries
• selectins attract neutrophils to the site
• neutrophils activated when they encounter cytokines
• neutrophile moph to squeeze through capillaries and attack pathogen

• A microbe that is present in animals but has not yet been found in humans under normal conditions
• - most malaria plasmodia

• A pathogen of animals that has under normal conditions been transmitted to humans but not between humans
• - anthrax, rabies, west nile

• A pathogen that can undergoe a few replication cycles from secondary tranmission to humans but occasional outbreaks from primary infection soon die out
• such as Ebola

• A disease that exists in animals but can survive in human to human transmission without animal involvement
• such as cholera and influenza A

• A pathogen that is exclusive to humans
• such as falciparum malaria, small pox, HIV

• easily tranmitted
• quickly leaves victim dead
• immune to re-infection
• dense population of humans is a factor

• It lead to a spike in human population and density
• spike in animal population and density (domestication)
• provided easy spreading
• farmers would come into closer contact with their animals
• the animals become sufficient conduits for pathogen transfer

smallpox, TB and influenza

• differences between animal and human behaviors that affect transmission
• obstacles include transmitting though different human tissues (as in BSE)

• pathogen has adapted to transmit different or more efficient ways
• pathogen has evolved to infect an additional vector (thus increasing transmission)

• resistant strains had evolved
• pathogens had recently entered the human population for the first time
• increases of agriculture
• increase of human population and density
• an increase of suceptability (through AIDS pandemic)
• improper use of antimicrobials in developed countries
• viruses have poor mutation error correction (especially RNA)

identification od bacterial strains based on suseptibility to specific phages

wisualization tech. using flourescently labelled antibodies to detect antigens