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Hematocrit
% of red blood cells relevatn to fluid volume
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Edema
Increased fluid in the interstitium
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What major solute plasma protien assits in oncotic pressure?
ablumin helps bring H20 back into the capillaries
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What causes edema?
- Increased hydrostatic pressure (BP)
- Loss of plasma protien albumin due to liver damage
- Lymphatic obstruction
- Increased capillary permeability due to inflammation
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cytic
refers to cell size
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chromic suffix
refers to hemoglobin content within a cell
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What type of anemia is pernicious anemia?
- Macrocytic-normaochromic
- Megaloblastic
- AKA B12 deficiency
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What type of anemia is Iron deficiency anemia?
Hypochromic - microcytic
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What is the cause for Iron deficiency anemia?
Loss of Iron and Hemoglobin resulting in hypoxia due to blood loss, pregnancy, or lack of iron supplimentation intake
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What type of anemia is folate anemia
Macrocytic anemia
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What are the causes of Folate deficiency?
- Lack of folate causes premature cell death.
- (Basically same as pernicious anemia, but without intrisic factor IF)
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Leukemia
Uncontrolled proliferation of malignant WBC's causing overcrowding in bone marrow decreasing production of other blood cell types
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What are the 2 methods for classifying leukemia?
- 1. Cell origin (myeloid or lymphoid).
- 2. degree of differentation that took place before the cell became malignant.
- (acute = increased growth and less differentation)
- (chronic = less growth and increased differentation)
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Common signs and symptoms of cancer?
- Fatigue
- Cachexia
- Anemia
- Leukopenia
- Thrombocytopenia
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Adjuvant
Porophylactic treatemtn such as removing a breast cancer
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Palliative
treatment designed to reduce complications and prolong life. Not a cure. Can include chemo and radiation.
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Autocrine stimulation and Ras
substance secreted by cancer cells that stimulates their own growth
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Anaplastic
abscence of differentation
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Carcinoma's are found where
Epithelial tissue
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Sarcoma's are found where?
connective tissue
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Angiogenesis
generation of new blood vessles
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Primary tumor
Site of tumor origin
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Metastasis
spread of cancer from primary to distant site
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Telomere
protective ends, or caps, on each chromosome that limit the number of times a cell can divide
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carcinogenisis
beggining of tumor development
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carcinoma in situ
Pre-invasive epithelial tuomr of grandular or squamos cell origin
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How are tumor markers used
- Screen and identify individuals at high risk for cancer
- To help diagnose a specific type of tumor
- Follow up testing after treatment
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apoptosis
a cells mechanism that tells them ot self destroct when growth is excessive
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Adenoma.
Malignant or benign
Benign
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Chondrosarcoma
Malignant or benign?
Malignant
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Instrinsic Factor
enzyme required for gastric absorption of dietary vitamin B12
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What are the causes of pernicious anemia?
- Lack of vitamin B12 absorption due to lack of IF causing abnomrla DNA & RNA synthesis, which causes premature cell death.
- Usually congenital genetic disorder or gastritis and death to parietla cells
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What are the laboratory diagnostic tests used to detect anemia?
- CBC
- Differential count
- Reticulocyte count
- Hemoglobin
- MCHC
- MCH
- Hematocrit
- MCV
- Chemical analysis
- Blood coagulation
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Differential count
WBC count
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Reticulocyte count
Bone marrow production
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MCHC
concentration of hemoglobin
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Blood Coagulation
PT, PTT, Thrombin time
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Eccymoses
larger areas of bleeding ...bruise
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Petechia
Pinpoint bleeding on skin
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Purpura
condition of bleeding in the tissues (includes petechiae and eccymosis.)
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What are the 3 causes of anemia
- altered production of erythrocytes
- blood loss
- increased erythrocyte destruction
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Lymphoma
Malignant or benign?
Malignant (only exception.)
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Curative
5 years of no signs/symptoms after diagnosis and treatment
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What tumor markers are routinely used as a screening test?
- alph-fetoprotien (AFP) Liver and germ cell produce this into blood
- Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) Prostate secretes this into blood
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Oncogene
mutated in cancer usually accelarates the proliferation of cells
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Identify the difference between benign and malignant tumors
Benign tumors are well encapsulated and well differentiated and do not invade regional lymph nodes.
Malignant tumors have a rapid growth rate, lack differentiation, lack a capsule, and invade blood vessles.
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tumor-suppressor gene
Substance that controls cell growht or regulator of cell growth
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What is the functions/actions and target tissues of ADH
- water balance regulator; ADH stimulates thirst due to increasing plasma osmolarity.
- Increases renal tubular permeability absorbing more water thus increasing urine concentration
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What is the function/actions and target tissues of Aldosterone
- Increase sodium reabsorption while increasing Potassium secretion into the renal tubule.
- Aldosterone is secreted when Potassium is increased or sodium is decreased.
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What is the function of angiotensin II?
Stimulates secreation of aldosterone causing vasocontriction to increase BP
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Is sickle cell anemia inherited?
Yes
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What is the defect and what changes shape with sickle cell anemia?
abnormal hemoglobin production due to genetic mutation of amino acid valine and deoxygeneration and dehydration givign the RBC's thier abnormal shape.
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Why does ischemia nad infarction occur with sickle cell anemia?
because sickled erythrocytes plug vessles
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Why do we occassionally see jaundice and splenomegaly?
accumulated end products of red cell destruction (hemolysis)
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What cell type becomes malignant in multiple myeloma?
Plama cells
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Where is the primary site of multiple myeloma destruction?
Bone marrow
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How is blood cell production effected in multiple myeloma
Low blood cell production
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What happens to the involved bone in multiple myeloma?
Osteoclasts, relaeased by plasma cells (not normal) destroys bone
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What is the cuasitive organism for infectioous mononucleosis
B-cells
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How is Mononucleosis transmitted
kissing
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Do lymph nodes swell with Mononucleosis infectious
yes
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What are the most common S/S with infectious mononucleosis?
flue like, fever, fatigue, sore throat
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