SFOS 15

• dP/dt during isovolumentric contraction
• measure of contractility

Oxidative metabolism of fatty acids

secondary - lactate and glucose

Volume work - greater stroke volume (less energy), seen during exercise

Pressure work - greater developed tension (more energy), seen in hypertension

• I - filling of ventricle
• II - isovolumetric contraction
• III - ejection from ventricle
• IV - isovolumetric relaxation

• Response to changes in venous return by inherent muscle properties
• Frank-Starling mechanism: greater contraction with more optimal filling stretch

• Autonomic nervous system
• Hormonal signaling

• Increase SA node rate
• Increases rate of conduction
• Increases force of contraction

• Decreases SA node rate
• Hyperpolarizes fibers between SA and AV nodes
• Decreases force of contraction

Heart rate prevailing during complete autonomic blockade