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A computer virus is what?
malicious code
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Viruses attack what?
by attaching to files and folders
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Do Viruses replicate?
Yes - self replicate
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How are viruses made?
Specifically designed to attack systems in a particular way
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Whats a resident virus?
Operates in RAMC (attaching itself to Ram)
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Whats a direct action virus?
An aggressive virus - Triggered by date or even
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Whats a overwrite virus?
Can partially or completely delete info contained in the files it infects.
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Whats a macro virus
Targets applications to replace macros w/ code.
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Whats a polymorphic virus?
Avoids detection by cyclic changes
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Whats file infectors?
Traditional virus that targets .exe
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Whats TCSEC?
Trusted computer system eval criteria
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Whats TCSEC also known as?
The orange book
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Is TCSEC an old or new standard?
OLD
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Whats ITSEC mean?
Information technology security Eval Criteria
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What is IT (ITSEC)?
European security criteria based on TCSEC
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Whats CTCPEC stand for?
Canadian Trusted Computer Product Eval Critiera
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Whats CTCPEC comparable to?
TCSEC / Orange book
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Whats (CC) mean?
common criteria
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What standard is it (CC) ??
An international standard
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Whats (CC) ISO standard?
ISO 15408
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Does the international community follow CC?
yes
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Entry into the security fields begin with what?
Identifying local system threats
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What account is ideal for an attacker?
Admin account
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Whats a privilege escalation attack?
An attack exploits a configuration error.
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Whats a companion virus?
Typical virus infector once executed
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Whats a boot sector virus?
boot sector virus on storage drives
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Whats does worms do that viruses do not do?
Replicate directly across network media
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What does spyware do?
Harvest personal info, invades privacy & manipulates browser activity
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Whats spam?
unsolicited bulk email messages
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Whats adware? No the program
advertising - support software
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What a root kit?
malware consisting of a program - to hide one's presence and activity.
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Whats a botnet?
collection of compromised computers
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Whats a logic bomb?
any malicious code that lies dormant until triggered by some condition
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Bios prepares what during booting?
boot strapping or just booting
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Can bios be bypassed?
Yes
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Whats a common way to secure bios?
admin password
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What should you do for USB drives to ensure security?
Disable access
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Are mobile phones a security threat?
Yes
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Whats bad about NAS?
W/out proper permissions, unauthorized users have access to files and data
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Whats NAS?
Network attached storage
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Whats system hardening practices?
Series of proocols, procedures, & policies that define and describe system security
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What extra things can you do extra for system hardening?
Blocking unused ports, removing unnecessary services, deleting unused applications
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Whats a hotfix?
cumulative package that solves problems in software products
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A patch management?
Routine maint and upkeep of application, services, & system patches
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Why do organizaions utilize group policies?
retain and restrict actions that might pose a security risk
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What does windows server use to increase network security?
Predefined security templates
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What does Linux systems use for network security?
policy enforecement
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A configuration baseline is what?
basic principles and best practices
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Baselines are ideal for establishing what?
security templates across several devices
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Who developed the active X component object model?
Microsoft
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What does COM stand for?
Component object model
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Active X controls are ___ building blocks use to ___ distributed ___ that work over the internet through ___ ___
Small, Create, applications, web, browsers
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Active X Security relies solely upon what?
End user discretion and judegement
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Active X controls are digitally what??
signed
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Active X Components are ___ ____?
behaviorally unrestricted
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Malware can redirect your ___ to an untrusted ___ that prevents itself as a ___ ___??
system, site, trusted party
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Java & javascript share a similar what?
Security model
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Scripts are generally permitted access on to data relevant to what?
current document but not to local file system
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Java and Java scripts applets are all considered what?
Host file
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A buffer overflow attack does what?
By overfilling the boundaries of a stack or memory storage region.
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Buffer overflow attakcs what?
Applications, services & O.S. code (kernel)
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Are internet cookies trusted?
NO!
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An open mail relay is what?
Any SMTP server permissively configured to allow any unauthorized source from the internet to pass email.
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Like MSN Messenger - is often what kind of target for vector attacking the network?
Potential Target
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What does XSS stand for?
Cross-site scripting
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What kind of webpage contents is found in dynamically generated pages?
Cross-site scripting(XSS)
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Redirection and mis-direction are a major component of what?
XSS attacks
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What does HIDS stand for?
Host-based intrusion Detection System
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HIDS work with what?
local systems
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HIDS analyzes & monitors ___ ___ interaction and observe the ___ of the computer at all times.
internet system, state
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Whats the primary purpose of a network firewall?
Logically segregate public and private networks
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What allow admins to enable ACL's & security policies to network traffic?
Network firewalls
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What OSI layer is Apllication level proxy?
Layer 7 - ApplicationLayer
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What circuit-level proxy is on the OSI?
OSI Layer 3 (Network)
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Packet filtering is on what layer of the OSI?
OSI Layer 3 (Network)
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Stateful filtering does what?
advanced packet filtering that maintains connections state
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How many different waysare their to identifying viruses and malware?
(3)
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What methods are used for identifying viruses and malware?
Signutre-based, behavioral-based, heuristics based detection
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Anti-Spam techniques attempt to detect what?
Spam
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What is DNS blacklist, country/network block filtering?
Ways to detect spam
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Virtualization maximizes what?
resource utilization
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What provides the most efficient use of singular system hardware resources?
Virtualization
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What is every network architecturally defined by?
Apps, connections, equipment, interfaces, protocols, standards, services and topologies
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What involved an attacker forcibly gaining control over a legitimate conversaton between a trusted two party connections?
TCP/IP hijacking
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What intercept transmission details between the two sources?
Hijacking
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Whats IPC?
Interprocess communications
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What attack targets unprotected windows IPC shares and provides unauthorized remote access?
Null session
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Whats a spoofing attack?
form of abuse on identity & trust
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What forms attacking by sending email under a false identity?
Spoofing attack
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What targets network stacks using bogus protocol information?
Spoofing attack
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What forges parameters in a chanin of messages or communication?
Spoofing attack
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Whats vunerable for MITM attakcs?
email, ftp, web, and SSH connections
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Whats MITM?
Man In The Middle
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What attack reuses captured network packets in modified form against an original partt of some network conversation?
TCP Replay
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What renders individual workstations or server computers unresponsive?
DOS attacks
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What Whats a verison of DOS?
DDOS
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Whats Kitting?
Check fraud that takes advantage of the time between check neogotiation and clearence @ the account holders account
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What occurs when a server receives info that does not originate from an authoritative source?
DNS cache poisoning
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Whats another term for ARP spoofing?
ARP Cache poisoning
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An attack against ethernet (packet) that enables an attacker to sniff frames on a switched network or redirect endpoint traffic through an attacker controlled machine?
ARP Spoofing/ARP cache poisoning
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What OSI layer is a network switch?
Layer2/Layer3 (sometimes)
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Network switches are also capable of supporting what?
VLAN creation
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Routers establish connectivity between what (2) things?
Public and private networks
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Whats DMZ?
Deviding line between private and public networks
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Whats a VLAN?
A physical network that operate as a locally attached network
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What does NAT stand for?
Network address translation
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Whats a NAT do?
Reduces need for several public IP's
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Whats a NAC stand for?
Network access control
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Whats a NAC do?
Takes applicationa dn protocols to describe policies for network access
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What does network security tools do?
Overlapping protection
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What does NIDS stand for?
Network Intrusion Detection System
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What does NIPS stand for?
Network Intrusion Prevention System
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Whats the first line of defense for networks?
Network firewalls
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Do proxy servers enhance network performance?
Yes
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What do proxies do?
Internal machines hidden adn anonymous
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Whats honeypots?
Fake servers to entice attackers from sensitive information
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Mutiple honeypots are called what?
HoneyNet
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How are networks monitored?
Network protocol analyzers or ethernet sniffers
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What can you do against unauthorized analysis?
employing encrypted communications protocols and services
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What are the two easy entry ways?
Weak passwords and default accounts
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Ehternet protocols were designed w/out what?
Security in mind
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Whats a vampire tap?
Connecting a station w/ clamps directly onto the wire and piercing and spike into the inner conductor
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Whats the unintensional discolosure of info through acoustical, magnetic or radio frequency energy called?
Data emanation (electronics eavesdropping)
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Whats Data emanation like?
war driving
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Whats bluejacking?
unsolicited anonymopus text messages to BT mobile phones
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Whats bluesnarfing?
unauthorized access and copy of info
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Whats unauthorized wireless installs on a protected network?
Rogue access points
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What can wireless ID's do?
Detect rogue access points
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Whats cryptography?
Hiding info through encryption
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Whats cryptanalysis?
analyzing and deciphering codes, ciphers, & cryptograms
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(2) ways defending against cryptanalysis & code breaking attempts?
Algorithm & key strength
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Whats Implicit Deny?
Allthings suspicious that are not deemed permissable
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Whats Explicitly Deny?
Traffic blocked to certain ports
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Whats principle of least privilege?
Lowest amount of privilege possible to perform some task
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What selectively assigns access rights focal to a persons requiremenets to complete a given task?
Separation of duties
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Whats a MAC?
Mandatory Access Control
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Referring to MAC - people, services, & Systems is what? Whats all other resources?
Subjects / objects
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MAC uses subject and object labeling called what?
Security label
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If security labels of subject and objects do not match, whats access set to?
Explicity denied
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What (2) forms is MAC devided into?
Non-universal & universal
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Whats simplistic means of restricting access to objects based on subject, identity, group membership?
Discretionary access control
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Whats RBAC stand for?
Role-Based access control
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What is RBAC?
Permissions according to job roles that determinea person/groups to access system resources
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Whats like RBAC?
Rule-Based access control
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The Rule based access control abbreviation is what?
RBAC
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Can ACLS's be assigned and admined by owners?
No.
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What forms organizational security?
ACL's, filtering rules & secuirty policies
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Whats a basic security checklist?
Access Control List
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A group policy is what?
Collection of admin-defined user enviroment settings
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Whats a crucial factor in the security equation?
Strong password attributes
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What does a password policy establish?
standards by which all passwords are upheld
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Domain password polcies govern what?
The entire domain of computers
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Win2000 & Win2003 support passwords to how many characters
127 characters
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What are the (5) ways of enforcing a good password policy?
Enforece password history, max password age, min password age, minimum password length, complexity requirements
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(2) ways dormant accounts are bad?
Account owner will not be encountered, admin keeps loose watch on accounts (dormant)
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(4) types of logical tokens?
RSA secure ID, Proximity cards, Electro key fobs, and others
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What does authenticate mean?
Authentic, grant sufficient authority
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What does authentication mean?
Factually verifying clamied identity
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(3) authentication factor categories?
One-factor, two-factor, multi - factor
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(3) authentication methods?
What you know, what you have, who you are
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What does SSO stand for?
Single sign on
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What (3) common SSO configurations use Kerbersos?
Smartcards, token and certificates
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What does Radius stand for?
Remote authentication dial in user system
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Whats bad about NAS?
W/out proper permissions, unauthorized users have access to files and data
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Network switches are also capable of supporting what?
VLAN creation
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What does RADIUS do?
Client server protocol that manages & maintains user profiles ina centrally administrated database
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What does Radius stand for?
Remote authentication dial in user system
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What (3) common SSO configurations use Kerbersos?
Smartcards, token and certificates
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(3) authentication methods?
What you know, what you have, who you are
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What does RADIUS do?
Connect via modem to a server to be authenticated
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CHAP uses a ___ ___ hash funtion.
one way
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CHAP is mostly ___ on ___ based networks.
Used PPP
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Identification is what?
Identity w/ verifiable proof to support
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OVAL is a collection of what?
XML schemes for representing system information
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What does OVAL stand for?
Open Vulerability & Assessment language
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Whats like port scanning?
services scanning
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What does service mapping & vulerability scanning do?
Focus on enumerating reachable network service banners
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Full - disk encryption provides (2) benefits - what are they?
All encompassing encryption - instant data destruction
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Cryptographic strength depends on what (5) factors?
Key secrecy, key strength, resistance to breakage, lack of decryption methods, inability to be decrypted knowing some content
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Whats used to create digital signatures?
Private keys
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What does SHA mean?
Secure hash algorithm
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SHA algorithm has variable bits up to what?
512
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What is SHAV1 similar to?
MD5
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Whats better - RSA or ECC?
ECC
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Whats ECC stand for?
Elliptic curve cryptography
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RSA is used for what?
Encrypting messages & generating digital signatures
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What is key escrow also called?
key recovery
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What are the (3) types of CA's?
root trust model, network trust model, hybrid trust model
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Who's SLA's between?
provider and client
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