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Bureaucracy
a way of organizing people to perform work (govt workers)
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Pendleton Civil Service Act
created a federal civil service so that hiring and promotion would be based on merit rather than patronage
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Civil Service
a system of hiring and promoting based on the merit principle and desire to create nonpartisan government service
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Merit Principle
idea that hiring should be based on entrance exams and promotion ratings o produce administration by people with talent and skill
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Hatch Act
law prohibiting government employees from active participation in partisan politics
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Office of Personnel Management
the office in charge of hiring for most agencies of the federal government
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General Schedule Rating
schedule for federal employees, ranging from GS1 to GS18, by which salaries are determined
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Senior Executive Service
9000 federal government managers
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What are the 3 theories of bureaucracy?
- Weberian Model
- Acquisitive, monopolistic
- Garbage cans
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Weberian Model of Bureaucracy
hierarchical authority structure uses task specialization and develops extensive rules; operates on merit principle and they behave with impersonality
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Acquisitive, Monopolistics Model of Bureaucracy
maximizing budget and expanding power; monopolistic of services
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Garbage Can Theory of Bureaucracy
loose collection of ideas rather than a coherent structure; organizations have solutions in search of a problem
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What are the 4 types of organization for bureaucracies?
- cabinet departments
- regulatory agencies
- government corporations
- independent Executive agencies
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Examples of cabinet departments.
Education, energy, commerce, Native Americans, Social Security
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Examples of regulatory agencies.
Federal Reserve Board & National Labor Relations Board (responsible for some sector of the economy)
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Examples of government corporations.
Postal service
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Examples of independent executive agencies.
National Science Foundation & NASA
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Policy Implementation
the stage of policymaking between the policy establishment and the consequences/results of that policy
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What are the 3 elements of policy implementation?
- creation of a new agency/repurposing of old
- translation of policy goals into rules/guidelines
- coordination of resources/personnel to achieve goals
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What are 6 reasons why policies fail?
- program design
- lack of clarity of duties
- lack of resources
- administrative routine
- administrator's disposition
- fragmentation
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Standard Operating Procedures
bring uniformity to complex organizations
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Administrative Discretion
authority of administration to select among various responses to a given problem
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Street Level Bureaucrats
bureaucrats who are in constant contact with the public and have administrative discretion
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Regulation
use of governmental authority to control or change some practice in the private sector
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What is an example of the bureaucratic system working effectively?
Voting Rights Act of 1965
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Regulations contain what 3 elements?
- grant of power and directions from Congress
- set of rules and guidelines
- means of enforcing compliance
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Command & Control Policy
existing system of regulation whereby government tells business how to reach certain goals, checks that commands are followed, and punishes offenders
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Incentive System
market-like strategies are used to manage public policy
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Deregulation
lifting of restrictions on business/industry for which government rules had been established and bureaucracies had been created to administer
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Executive Orders
orders from president carry force of law and implement statutes, treaties, and provisions of the Constitution
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Iron Triangle
bureaucratic agency, congressional subcommittee, and interest group who create an "issue network" to shape policies about a particular issue
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