Human Bio Sec 4

Carries O2 and Co2 to lungs as well as delivers nutrients throughout body and removes waste.

Circulates through vessels.

White blood cells provide immune deffense against bacteria/infections by phagosytosis--- platelets help clot damaged vessels (scabs)

body tempurature, circulation and ph balance buffers body fluids

plasma, sugars, amino acids, lipids, vitamins, ions(Na+, Potassium, Cl-, gases, Co2, nitrogen, hormones, proteins, platelets

55% waterbased, straw color w/o RBC's, plasma proteins maintain isotonicity of blood cells

inside cavities of bone--where RBC is produced

Precursors to all blood cells. Immature blood cells stimulated by kidney hormone Erythropoetin (EPO)

• Essential to blood clotting
• 1)Blood vessel is damaged
• 2)Vessel constricts: Platelets rush to plug hole
• 3)Platelets attract other Platelets and stick together
• 4)Fibrin web traps blood cells forming clot
• 5)Clot later dissolves and vessel is repaired

Platelets form together and plug damaged vessels.

Contains nucleus. Circulate and survey for foreign cells. Amount makes only 1% unless infection occurs. Migrates to damaged area like tissue damage or inflammation and eats (phagocytosis).

White blood cells phagocytosis.

Contains no nucleus. Picks up O2 and delivers to tissue and cells. AKA oxygen packets. Old RBC's go to liver and spleen where iron and proteins are recycled. RBC production stimulated by hormones (EPO) when O2 levels in tissue are low. Contains Hemoglobin

45% of blood aand lives 120 days. Protein within RBC's and iron within Hemo binds oxygen. Each RBC contains about 280 million hemoglobin cells. Each Hemoglobin cell holds about 4 O2 molecules.

colorless, odorless, tasteless toxic gas that prevents sufficient oxygen supply through bloodstream. because of hemoglobin in RBCs the RBC's bind well to carbon monoxide better than oxygen and do not let go.

A, AB, O and RH factor antigens on surface of blood cells that bind with matching antibodies and appropriate RH protein. RH relates to + or -. Donation depends on acceptable blood type.

Anemia, Sickle Cell Anemia, Pernicious Anemia

Boosts amount of red blood cells, increases energy by increase of O2. Injection of EPO(erythropoietin hormone) or by injection of about 2 pints of blood (own person's) that has been drawn approx. 2 weeks before the day of performance.

Aka hemapoietin hormone produced by kidney responsible for stimulating the production of RBC's.

Prevents platelet aggregation (thins blood). Can be good or bad depending on problem. If problems with clotting (prone to heart attacks) then usually prescribed.

reduced ability to carry O2 and common disorder. O2 reduced either because little hemaglobin or few red blood cells or both. Insufficient iron to body.

Genetic disorder, affects mostly African Americans in the US. Reduced amount of O2 causes fatigue and breathlessness. RBCs mishapen and can cause them to be lodged in vessels which are often painful.

Rare disorder where body cannot absorb B12 and causes general nervous system problems.

Anti Rh destroys fetuses red blood cells. If father is Rh+ and mother is Rh - then most likely Rh + is passed to fetus.

Type O because it does not have A or B antigens.

Type AB because it has both AB antigens and O can be accepted by any blood type.

• heart pumps blood to the lungs firs(pulmonary circuit), lungs pick up oxygen and body delivers 02 to tissues
• second blood goes to body(systemic circuit)
• third is blood goes back to heart(coronary)

• Carries blood away from the heart
• Elastic so it can stretch when carrying oxygen

Constricts to free blood to the body

Dilates to accommodate blood from the heart

Small arteries that take blood away from the heart(end of arteries)

Vasodilation and Vasoconstriction

• Stimulated by kidney
• Blood vessels constrict when blood pressure drops
• Blood vessels dilate when pressure is high

The blood constricts

When cold outside the body, blood constricts in less important parts to keep important parts warm--cold toes, nose, ears, etc..

• Vasodilators--for high blood pressure
• Vasoconstrictors--for stopping hemmorhaging (also applying pressure to injuries like cuts)

• Where arteries go (tiniest veins)
• Blood can only travel in a single file
• Connect arterioles to venules
• Where the exchange of nutrients and waste between blood and tissues, ie glucose, hormones
• Close to nearly every cell
• Capillaries are made of beds
• Precapillary sphinters

• Returns blood to the heart
• Muscular and stiff
• its where low blood pressure is

• Constriction of skeletal muscles pushes blood throughout body
• Valves prevent backflow so blood goes in one direction(varicose veins are broken valves)

• Pumps blood to lungs
• via Atria, Ventricles, Valves and blood vessels
• Blood flows in from the vena cava into the right atrium and out right ventricle to lungs. Blood goes into heart through left atrium to left ventricle and out the aorta to the body.

• Are the chambers at the top of the right and left of the heart. Both empty into same side ventricles(right to right v and left to left v)
• Contracts separate from the ventricles
• Right atrium brings deoxygenated blood from the body
• Left Atrium brings oxygenated blood back into the heart

• Chambers at the bottom left and right of the heart
• Right ventricle directs blood to the pulmonary aorta which goes to the lungs
• Left ventricle directs blood out the aorta which goes to the body

Enters on the Atria

Little doorways that direct blood flow in one direction

Tricuspid(lub sound)

bicuspid(dub sound)

Pulmonary semilunar cuspid(drains blood)

Aortic semilunar valve

Blood flow to/from lungs(vena cava)

Blood flow through the body(aorta)

Blood in blood vessels of/throughout the heart

• Diastole when the heart is relaxed and atria is filling
• Atrial systole when the heart contracts and forces blood into ventricles
• Ventricular systole contracts to force blood to lungs and the rest of the body
• ordered closing of valves with heart forces blood in appropriate direction

• Force exerted by blood against walls of blood vessels
• Systolic is pressure during contraction(arteries)
• Diastolic pressure is during rest(veins)
• Doctor measures pressure in arteries
• Number corresponds to systolic over diastolic
• 120 over 80 is normal

Hypertension, Atherosclerosis, Heart Attack

• High blood pressure
• working harder to pump blood and gets larger
• damages glomerulos in kidney
• prevented by managing weight, not smoking and limiting salt consumption

• Hardening and thickening of walls of vessels due to build up of fat
• Atherosclerotci plague
• a rupture can trigger formation of blood clots
• surgery called angioplasty stent opens arteries (tube inserted and expands)

blood clot

• Made up of vessels like veins (not elastic like arteries) with valves and carries fluid out of arteries through capillaries
• Maintains balance of fluids between blood vessels and tissues
• Regulates Blood pressure by preventing tissues swelling
• Fluid passes before returningto blood
• fluid coming in is not equal to what goes out

• Lymph system at risk for picking up bacteria
• Bacteria filtered out through lymph nodes(made up of white blood cells)

To provide oxygen, dispose of carbon dioxide and regulate the ph of blood (bicarbonate)

Consist of the nose that filters, warms and moistens air.

• Consists in order:
• Trachea
• Bronchi(supplies each lung)
• Bronchioles
• Alveoli(exchanges O2/Co2)
• Lungs

• Diaphragm which sits below the lungs
• Ribs move during breathing

• Controlled by ribs moving external respiration
• Gas transports blood cells during internal respiration

Lungs and blood

Tissue and blood

• Diaphragm contracts
• Chest/lungs get bigger, pressure in lungs decrease
• Oxygen comes in

• Diaphragm relaxes
• chest/lungs smaller
• pressure decreases forcing air out
• coronary lung collapses

vacuum damaged

• Lungs are made mostly of these
• Grapelike structures of thin sacs surrounded by blood vessels
• Surfactant is a soapy (fat) molecule that lines it and is necessary for easy breathing and where gas exchange mostly occures across the membrane

happens 12 - 15 breathes

• Blood picks up oxygen when passing through lungs
• All oxygen is picked up by hemoglobin
• o2 delivered to cells
• cells use it to convert glucose to ATP (energy)and build sugars and fats
• By product is o2
• hemoglobin transports Co2
• Dissolved into plasma and converted to bicarbonate to balance blood ph

• CO2 directed
• levels direct breathing rate
• too much Co2 causes faster breathing

• possible to do (making self hyperventilate)
• able to talk, eat, swim
• diaphragm is a skeletal muscle easy to control

volume of air going in / out with normal breath

volume of air left in lungs after most forceful exhalation(what cannot be exhaled)

Maximum amount of air that can be inhaled and exhaled

VC + RV

asthma, bronchitis, colds and flu, pneumonia, tb, smoking related like emphysema and lung cancer

• allergies
• constricts bronchioles(the cartilage)

airway inflammation

mucus in airways

• fluid accumulates in alveoli reducing gas exchange
• cough, chest pain, fever, difficulty breathing

• infectious
• spread by coughing sneezing spitting
• chronic coughing, bloody mucous, fever, 1 in 3 in world are infected, 1/3 dies from infection

• alveoli break down and lose elasticity
• breathing is difficult and not enough gas exchange
• some people need gas respirator to help breath

• chronic inflammation
• cells change

Is vasoconstrictor stimulant

• made of bone and joints
• connects to muscle
• protects inner organs

• supports tissues by holding us upright
• attachment for muscles
• shields internal organs
• stores calcium and phosphorous which is release when needed
• stores fat in yellow bone marrow

• Hardens bone tissue
• too much can cause bones to break

stores fat

Produces red blood cells

• connective tissue
• osteons (cells in a matrix)
• osteocytes

• Immature bone cells assist with broken bones
• part of bone remodeling to rebuild depositions

mature bone cells

• not a cell but protein
• break bones down through phagocytosis to release calcium

• Break down and build up of bones to build stronger bones
• occurs throughout life even after growth has stopped
• osteocytes break down
• osteoblasts rebuild

• progressive loss of bone density because breakdown exceeds deposition
• risk factors include; poor nutrition, chronic low blood, low calcium, low estrogen at menopause, low physical activity and smoking

• fibrous
• cartilaginous
• where bones meet

connected by dense tissue collagen

• Connecting bones of kulls immoveable
• connections between long bones lower are lower leg and slightly moveable

• connected entirely by cartilage
• intervetebral discs of spine

• synovial joints (where bones meet) are most common
• freely moveable
• surfaces covered with cartilage
• reinforced with ligaments supports joint
• directs movement of bone

• joint inflammation
• cartilage wears away
• bones rub

• fluid in joint and replace by fibrous tissue
• autoimmune disease
• affects children too

• osteoblasts
• osteocytes

• skeletal
• cardiac
• smooth
• assists with voluntary movement, breathing, shivering to keep warm

responds to stimuli

can shorten to move bones

can stretch to move bones

can return to original shape(stretch and return)

approx 700

attaches muscle to bone

moves in the same direction

moves in the opposite direction

• striated because of repeating arrangements of proteins, actin and myosin
• made up mostly of protein

sarcomeres end to end

when actin slides past myosin and closer together

• tropomyosin another protein wrapped around actin
• calcium stored in sarcoplasmic reticulum(SR) of muscle cells
• tropomyosin blocks myosin binding sites on actin

• drugs that mimic the effect of testosterone
• contribute to development of muscular characteristics
• increase protein synthesis in cells causing buildup of cell tissue especially in muscle (enlarged muscles)
• membrane permeable so hormone penetrates membrane of target cell
• binds to normal hormone receptor cell
• hormone recepter complex diffuses into the nucleus and binds to DNA
• alters gene expression
• negative side effects are negative feedback causing under production of normal testosterone because steroid is suppressing it and other developments occure in other hormones

• action potential
• ca2(calcium) moves to cytoplasm (released from SR)
• binds to troponin
• tropomyosin (yellow rope in diagram) moves off myosin binding sites on actin

600 trillion ATP molecules per second

muscles store this