biology chapter 21

the study of the structure of an organism

the study of the function of an organism's structural equipment

an integrated group of similar cells that perform a specific function

four types of tissue:

tissue that covers the surface of the body; lines organs and cavities within the body

cells of epithelial tissues:

have a sparse population of cells in an extracellular matrix consisting of a web of protein fibers within a uniform foundation that may be liquid, jellylike or solid

the structure of connective tissue is correlated with its function:

types of connective tissue:

stores fat, stockpiles energy and pads and insulates the body

a connective tissue with a matrix of liquid; contains red and white blood cells suspended in plasma

a rigid connective tissue; has a matrix of collagen fibers hardened with deposits of calcium salts

consists of bundles of long, thin, cylindrical cells called muscle fibers; has specialized proteins that contract when stimulated by a nerve

attached to bones by tendons; responsible for voluntary movements; striated because the contractile apparatus forms a banded pattern in each cell or fiber

composed of cells that are branched and striated; found only in heart tissue; responsible for the contraction of the heart

named for its lack of obvious striations; found in the walls of various organs, especially digestive organs; involuntary

makes communication of sensory information possible; is found in the brain and spinal cord; consists of a network of neurons

consists of two or more tissues packaged into one working unit that performs a specific function; ex: heart, liver, stomach, brain, lungs

the body's tendency to maintain relatively steady conditions in the internal environment when the external environment changes

the results of a process inhibit that same process, such as a thermostat that turns off a heater when room temperature rises to the set point; most mechanisms of homeostasis depend on this principle

the results of a process intensify that same process, such as uterine contractions during childbirth

the functional units of the kidney

the human urinary system includes:

kidney failure can be caused by:
one option for treatment is:

mainly feed on plants

eat animals

eat plants and animals

another word for eating

the breakdown of food to small nutrient molecules

begins the process of digestion; involves physical processes like chewing; also in the walls of the stomach

the chemical breakdown of food by digestive enzymes

found in spit; breaks down carbs

longest part of the alimentary canal; the major organ for chemical digestion and absorption of nutrients into the bloodstream

secretes juice that neutralizes stomach acid in the duodenum

secretes bile, which is stored in the gallbladder and helps digest fat

shorter, but wider; about 1.5 meters in length; water absorption/retension; the colon forms the main portion

a measure of the energy stored in food and used in daily activities

the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of one gram of water by 1 degree C

must be obtained from the diet; are in different proportions in different foods; can be consumed by eating milk, eggs, meat or a variety of plants, typically grains and legumes

self starvation, even when a person is underweight

binge eating, purging through induced vomiting, abuse of laxatives, and/or excessive exercise

in the heart, it receives blood

pumps blood away from the heart

circuit between the heart and lungs

circuit between the heart and the rest of the body