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atom
the simplest particle of an element that retains all the properties of that element
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atomic number
the number of protons in an atom
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chemical reaction
the process of breaking chemical bonds, forming new bonds, or both
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compound
a pure substance that is made up of atoms of two or more elements
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covalent bond
a bond that forms when two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons
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electron
a particle with a negative electric charge that orbits the nucleus of an atom
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element
a substance that ordinarily cannot be broken down chemically to form simpler kinds of matter
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energy level
levels of energy in the nucleus
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ion
an atom or a compound with a net electrical charge
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ionic bond
a bond formed by an electrical attraction between two oppositely charged ions
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mass
a fundamental property of an object generally regarded as equivalent to the amount of matter in the object
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matter
anything that occupies space and has mass
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molecule
a chemical structure composed of one or more atoms
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neutron
a subatomic particle with no electric charge
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nucleus
in an atom, the core of protons and neutrons; in a eukaryotic cell, the organelle that contains most of the DNA and directs most of the cell’s activities
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proton
a subatomic particle with a positive charge
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activation energy
the amount of energy required for a chemical reaction to start and continue on its own
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catalyst
a chemical that reduces the amount of activation energy needed for a reaction but is not a reactant
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endergonic reaction
reactions that involve a net absorption of free energy
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energy
the ability to do work or cause change
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enzyme
a catalyst, usually a protein, in living systems
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exergonic reaction
a chemical reaction that involves a net release of free energy
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free energy
the energy in a system avaliable for work
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oxidation reaction
a chemical reaction in which a reactant loses one or more electrons, becoming more positive in charge
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product
a compound formed by a chemical reaction
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reactant
a compound or atom involved in a chemical reaction
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redox reaction
a reduction-oxidation reaction in which electrons are transferred between atoms
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reduction reaction
a chemical reaction in which a reactant gains one or more electrons, becoming more negative in charge
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state
solid, liquid, or gas depending on the rate at which the atoms or molecules of the substance move
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acid
any substance that increases the concentration of hydrogen (H+) ions when added to a water solution
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aqueous solution
a solution in which water is the solventb
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base
any substance that increases the concentration of hydroxide (OH–) ions when added to a water solution
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buffer
a chemical that neutralizes small amounts of acids or bases added to a solution
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concentration
a measurement of the amount of solute dissolved in a fixed amount of solvent
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dissociation
the separating of a molecule into simpler molecules, atoms, radicals, or ions
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hydronium ion
the H3O+ ion
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hydroxide ion
the OH- ion
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pH scale
a numeric range that quantifies the relative concentrations of hydronium ions and hydroxide ions in a solution
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saturated solution
a solution in which no more solute can dissolve
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solute
a substance dissolved in a solution
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solution
a mixture in which one or more substances are uniformally dissolved in another substance
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solvent
in a solution, the substance in which a solute is dissolved
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