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How are Tardigrades and Onychophorans phylogenetically related to arthropods?
tardigrades are sister taxa to arthropods and onychophorans are a sister monophyletic group
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How is cryptobyosis adaptive for tardigrades?
- protection against decication when enviornment dries (water films).
- they become dormant untill put in water again
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Contrast basic and applied research using a horseshoe crab example.
In the Limulus amebocyte lysate assay blue blood was extracted form horse shoe crabs and then tested and determined that in the presence of endotoxins from gram-negative bacteria the blood becomes gel-like
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Briefly describe the body form, habitat and feeding ecology of the following arachnids:1. spiders 2.Scorpions 3. harvestman 4. ticks and mites
- 1. chelicera bear fangs, Cephalothorax & abdomen, predaceious fedding on mostly insects
- 2. Ceohalothorax & abdomen, Predatory feeding mostly on spiders & insects, tropical areas
- 3. Ceohalothorax & abdomen are joint & round, carnivorous & scavangers
- 4. terrestrial, aquatic, humans, plants, parasitic sometimes
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Subclass Xiphosurida=?
Horseshoe crabs
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What are the two main classes of the Subphylum Chelicerata?
Merostomata, Aracnidia
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what are the 2 main classe sof the subphylum Myriapoda?
Chilopoda & Diplopoda
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Differentiate between The Class Chilopoda & Diplopoda?
- Chilopoda: centipedes, 1 pr legs per body segment, carnivores, wriggle
- Diplopoda: millipedes, 2 pr legs per body segment, herbavores, graceful
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Predatory adaptions possesed by spiders & scorpions.
venomous apendages, pedi palp
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How are tardigrades similar to arthropos?
hemocoel & ventrolater appendages
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Importance of arachnids to humans?
- control insect population
- can be dangerous
- mites 7 ticks are a nusiance & can spread disease
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describe ecdysis
- 1. old procuticle seperates from epidermis which secretes new epicuticle
- 2. new exocuticle is secreted as molting fluid dissolves old endocuticle, solution reabsorbed
- 3. old epi&endocuticleare discarded
- 4. new cuticle is stretched & unfolded & endocuticle is secreted
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How do Crustaceans differ from insects? Chelicerates?
- 1. have 2 pr antennae & biramous appendages
- 2. lack chelicerae & pedipals, have mandibles & antennae
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diagram path of blood flow iin an animal with a hemocoel.
- heart
- arteries
- body tissue
blood moves slower
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explain how excretion & osmoregulations are accomplished
- excretion is done by the antennal glad aka green gland
- nitrogenous waste are excreted by diffusion across thin areas of the cuticle
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Define nauplis
ancestral most widely occuring larva in Crustaceans
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How are ancestral & derived body forms different in general? in Crustaceans?
- General: no tagmata, all apendages are biramous & look the same, not specialized
- Crustaceans: uropods, maxillaped, specialized apandages
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How are Crustaceans imporatant to humans?
- Food
- important in food chain
- Fouling of boat hulls
- study for evolution
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Explain how muscles control wings in insects.
muscle is attatched to an area of exoskeleton near wing (reslin). It indirectly controls the wing when it contracts & reoccurs. this method saves energy.
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How is the trachea system adapted for the active lifestyle of insects?
it regulates and transports oxygen to allow more ATP to be produced.
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Identify excretion organ and product & explain adaptational significance.
Malpighian tubules extract uric acid from hemocoel. It is more efficient and allows insects to live in a dry enviornment.
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Explain Ommatidia
compound eye composed of photoreceptor units ommatidia
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Compare holometabolus & Hemimetabolus metamorphosis.
- Holo: radical change, larve, pupa, adult
- Hemi: Nymph, adult Hormones(ecdyzone, juvenile hormone)
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3 ways insects benefit & harm humans
- Benefit: pollenate crops, destroy other harful insects, produce bees
- Harm: destroy crops, carry diseases, are a nucianse
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Explain how radial symetry & water vascular system has contributed or limited to the success of echinoderms.
- Radial: limits organisms activity, it makes them slow.
- water: is energy efficient & strog but not fast, good for bottom dwellers
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Compare acorn worms & Pterobranchs in terms of anatomy & feeding.
- hemichordates
- anatomy: small but have gill slit openings
- feeding: mucous covered structure, filter feeders
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List and identify the function of the 5 chorodate characteristics.
- 1.notochord
- 2. dorsal hollow nerve cord
- 3. pharyngeal pouches & slits
- 4. endostyle or thyroid gland
- 5. post anal tail
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for the clade Urochordata idetify/describe 1. common names, 2 vagility, 3 feeding methood, 4presence of various chordate characteristics in various life stages.
- 1. tunicates/sea squirts
- 2. no very vagile
- 3. suspension feeders
- 4. larva has all characteristics, adult has endostyle & pharyngeal slits
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for the clade cephalochordata identify/describe 1. common names, 2. vagility, 3. feeding methood, 4. presence of chordate characteristics in various life stage.
- 1. amphioxus & lancelets
- 2. not vagile
- 3. suspension feeders
- 4. notochord,
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Explain how the following were important in early vertebrate evolution:1. skeleton, 2. heart, 3. muscular pharynx & gut , 4. tripartie brain & sense organs, 5. neural crest
- 1. better for muscle attatchment to allow faster muscle contractions
- 2. to distribute blood
- 3. more efficient, can move larger material faster
- 4. tracking and sensing prey & predators
- 5. aid in development of specialized cells
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describe ostrachderms & identify importance of bone in early vertebrate evolution.
ostrachderms are extinct, bone was adaptive for them because it it provided protection, stored minerals, & helped homeostasis
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Identify atleast 3 adaptions that led to teleosts success.
- 1. reduction of bone in scales makes them lighter & faster
- 2. Elaboration of fins
- 3. more efficient swim bladder
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Describe counter flow of water & blood across gill epithelia.
flows in opposite directions its the best way to transfer oxygen from water to blood, occurs by diffusion
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describe problems & solutions of osmoregulation.
- Marine: sea water contains more salt then the fish.
- solution: drink water, secrete salt at gills, & excrete salt at kidneys
- Fresh: fish has more salt than the water.
- solution: absorb salt at gills & excrete diluteurine at kidneys
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Differentiate anadromous & catadromous using fish examples.
- anadromous: spawn in freshwater, adult in ocean
- catadromous: spawn in ocean, adult in freshwater.
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Explain benefits of migration in fishes
- migrate to take advantages of resources that are spatialy apart.
- reduces competition of same resources
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