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A type of argument in which the conclusion must be true if all of the premises are true. The premises prove the conclusion.
deduction
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The type of argument in which true premises provide support for the conclusion, but do not guarantee that the conclusion is true.
induction
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The theory that all events are completely caused or determined by antecedent conditions; also, "Hard or Strict Determinism" holds that people are not responsible for their actions because these are causally determined.
determinism
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Based on sense perception or on the observable results of an experiment.
empirical
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The metaphysical and theological view that all is of one essential essence, principle, substance or energy; reality is not ultimately made of multiple substances.
monism
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Things exist independently of our knowing mind.
objective
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Theory that reality has many irreducible substances, not just one.
pluralism
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A statement whose contradictory is an inconsistency:
"A circle is round" = analytic
"A circle is not round" = inconsistent
(Predicate is inseparable with subject)
analytic statement
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One formulation of the Categorical Imperative is: Act only according to that maxim whereby you can at the same time expect that it should become a universal law. The one general, moral requirement that underlies all morality, according to Kant.
categorical imperative
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A type of philosophy that focuses on one's actual existence rather than meanings or metaphysics, often deals with the issues of freedom, living in the moment (being), and personal relationships.
existentialism
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The metaphysical theory that only minds and their thoughts exist. Everything else is only an idea in some mind.
idealism
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theory of knowledge that say metaphysics and phenomena are meaningless in themselves since we cannot know if they are true.
positivism
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the meaning and truth of a statement depends on its success in explaining a problem, not whether it adheres to a realism or idealism viewpoint.
pragmatism
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A statement that asserts a clear truth or falsehood.
proposition
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he criterion for truth is intellectual, reasoning, not the senses.
rationalism
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there is a real world out there and we can experience it.
realism
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Beyond possible experience; opposite of immanent; Transcendental philosophy or Kantianism.
transcendent
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A statement (contrasted with Analytic) that is true yet is not true just because of the meanings of the constituent words. An example of such a statement is "The dinosaurs are extinct." The dinosaurs are either extinct or not so evidence must be presented to make the case.
synthetic statement
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