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Hemolysis
the rupture of erythrocytes with release of hemoglobin into the plasma
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homologous
belonging to the same speices
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hypercalcemia
excess calcium in the blood
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hyperkalemia
excess potassium in blood
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hypernatremia
excess sodium in blood
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hypocalcemia
decreased calcium in the blood
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hypokalemia
decreased potassium in blood
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hyponatremia
decreased sodium in blood
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hypovolemia
decreased volume of circulating fluid in the body
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intravenous
whithin a vein as administration of medications
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isotonic
when fluid surrounds the cell membrane has same tonicity and osmotic pull as the inside of the cell
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metabolic acidosis
condition resulting from the accumulation of acid or depletion of alkaline reserve in the blood and body tissues
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hypertonic
fluid on inside of cell membrane has a greater tonicity and osmotic pull than the inside of the cell membrane, causes cells to shrink
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hypotonic
fluid on inside of cell membrane has a lesser tonicity and osmotic pull than the inside of the cell membrane; causes cells to expand
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osmosis
passage if waater through a semipermeable membrane from area of lower concentration to area of higher concentration
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solute
substances dissolved in water
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major electrolytes in body?
sodium chloride, potassium, calcium, phosphate, magnesium
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basic functions of blood
transport oxygen, nutrients, wastes, hormones, enzymes throughout the body. maintains acid base balance, its temperature, and water content.
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average circulating blood volume in an adult?
70 mL/Kg of body mass
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formed elements of blood
erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets
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universal blood to be given to anyone
O negative
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hemoglobin normal range and hematocrit normal range?
- 12-16 g/100 mL in females, 14-18 g/100 mL in males for hemoglobin
- 40-52% in males, 35-46% in females for hematocrit
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hespan
synthetic fluid used for its osmotic properties, expands blood volume
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sodium chloride
most common fluid replacement as well as mostly used irrigant for open surgical procedures. used with caution around ESU
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sterile water
mainly used to rinse instruments, cool instruments after autoclave and remove residual disinfectants before coming in contact with body
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lactated ringers
physiologic salt solution used to replenish electrolytes. used to to replace fluids lost from severe diarrhea or burns
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Dextran
expands plasma volume by drawing fluids from the interstitial space to intravascular fluid space.
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glycine and sorbitol
sterile nonconducting fluids used for irrigating body cavites, can be used with ESU. common in urologic procedure
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Coagulants
Agents that promote, accelerate, or make possible blood coagulation
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hemostatics
agents that enhance clot formation and reduce bleeding
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parenteral
administrative route other than alimentary canal
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platelet aggretion
clumping together of platelets
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systemic
pertaining to or affecting the body as a whole
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thrombolytics
agents that dissolve blood clots
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thrombosis
abnormal formation or presence of a blood clot within a blood vessel
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which topical hemostatic agent should be handled using a dry instrument
Avitene is to be used
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difference between monsels and lugols solution
monsels stops bleeding so a biopsy could be damaged if accidently used instead of lugols which stains the tissue in the cervix.
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most common parental anticoagulant
heparin sodium
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antidote for heparin
protamine sulfate
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constrict
decrease pupil as a way to regulate light entering eye
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cycloplegic
paralytic agent used to dialte pupil allowing focus but paralysis of ciliary mmuscle
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dilate
increase pupil as a way to regulate light entering eye
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gluacoma
increase in ocular pressure
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miotic
agent that cause pupil to constrict
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mydriatic
agent that causes pupil to dilate
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NSAIDS
used to prevent or treat cystoids maculer edem, iritis and conjunctivitis; used reduce post op inflammation following cataract surgery, nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs
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OVD
Opthalmic viscosurgical device
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Proteolytic
Pertaining to breakdown of protein; enzyme that breaks down peptide bonds by hydrolsis
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causes glaucoma
increased intraocular pressure, overproduction of aqueous humore and a drainage mechanism
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flurescein sodium
used to diagnose corneal abrasions as foreign bodies will be surrounded by a green ring
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wydase
used to prolong duration or improve effectivness of a block
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tropicamide/mydriacyl
cycloplegic inhibits focus paralyzing ciliary muscle also called mydriacul
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atropine sulfate/atropisol
mydriatic dilates pupil but paitent can focus after dilation
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pilocarpine hydrochloride
miotic constricts pupil by acting on the sphincter of iris, after cataract its used to hold lens in eye
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neomycin
antibiotic as solution or ointment
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lacri lube
used to prevent corneal drying or damage by lubricating eye
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tetracaine/pontocaine
local anesthetic
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balanced salt solution
sterile physiologically balanced irrigant
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viscoat
viscoeleastic agent used to expand anterior chamber prevent injury to surrounding tissue and protect cornea
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