Microbiology Ch 10-12

• Identification- characterizing an organism to find out what it is (lab tests )
• Classification- arrange organism into similar or related groups to provide for ID and study (comparisons/differences to determine how closely related)
• universal nomenclature- universal names for organisms (all organisms that are the same have same name vs. different name for same organism)

study of evolutionary history of of organism

• phenotype- all lab test done, what is observable / expressed
• genotype- genes

• 3 domains: bacteria, archaea, eukarya
• line length is based on genetic differences (longer line length = more differences)

• in early evolution- eukaryotes formed relationship with prokaryotes adn created energy from light/mitochondria.
• (eukaryotes come from prokaryotes)

group closely related organism that breed among themselves.

population of cells with similar characteristics

• clone- population derived from a single cell
• strain- genetically different cells within a clone

population of virus with similar characteristics that occupies a particular ecological niche.

• animalia- mulitcellular, no cell wall, chemoheterotrophic
• plantae- multicellular, cellulose cell wall, photoautotrophic
• fungi- unicell/multicellular, chitin cell wall, develop from spores or hyphal fragments, chemoheterotrophic
• protista- random group of eukaryotic organism not fitting into other domains

• Bergeys manual of determinative bacteriology- provides ID for bacteria/archea (based on morphology, stains, and lab tests)
• Bergeys Manual of systematic bacteriology- provides phylogenetic info on bacteria/archaea (based on rRNA sequencing)

• microscopy: gram stain, acid fast stain, cell shapes / arrangement
• colony morphology: size, color, border shape
• selective/differential media growth
• biochemical tests (more rely on pH)

test used to rule out for a specific purpose (HIV, lyme disease, ect)

• step 1: protiens from known bacteria/virus seperated by electric current in electrophoresis (move at speeds in relation to size)
• step 2: protiens transferred to filter by blotting
• step 3: patients serum washed over filter (if antibodies present agglutination occurs)
• step 4: anti-human serum with enzyme washed over filter
• step 5: enzyme substrate is added (agglutination visible)

• G/C is triple bond; A/T is double bond.
• The triple bond is heavier then double bond so it seperates and settles at the bottom.

• restriction enzymes digest DNA into peices
• fragments seperated by elecrophoresis

Polymerase chain reaction amplifies DNA. used to get more DNA sample from a small amout of DNA

• measures ability of DNA strands from 1 organism to hybridize with DNA strands of another organism. Assumes if 2 species are related then nucleic acid will be similar
• greater degree of hybridization = greater degree of related

• heat 2 seperate strands
• combine single strand of DNA
• cool to allow renaturation of double strand DNA
• determine degree of hybridation

• complete- organisms identical
• partial- organisms related
• none- organisms unrelated

used to detect specific DNA

• DNA fragment cloned
• cloned DNA fragment marked with flouorescent dye and separated into single to form DNA probes
• unknown bacteria collected on filter
• celsl are lysed adn DNA is released
• DNA is sepaated into single strands
• DNA probes are added to DNA from unknown bacteria
• DNA probes hybridize with unknown DNA. Excess probe washed off

• differential stain
• DNA base composition
• DNA fingerprinting
• PCR
• Nucleic Acid Hybridization
• rRNA sequencing

• all but:
• DNA base composition
• rRNA sequencing

• size- 0.02-750 um
• cell wall lack peptidoglycan
• ribosomes unique from both bacteria/eukaryote

• hyperthrmophiles
• methanogens
• extreme halophiles

gene transfer between each other and also gene transfer with bacteria ---> pathogenesis

study of fungi

• decomposers but some are carnivorous
• yeast are single celled
• molds are filamentous
• macrofungi are mushrooms
• many are dimorhpic(exist as yeast or hypae under different circumstances)
• prefer dryer / acidic climate
• decomposers
• secrete exozymes that digest extracellularly
• symbiosis with plnt roots/algae

• hyphae- filamentous cellulare growth/extensions that fungi produce (not yeast)
• mycelia- tangled masses of hypae, usually located under surfaces (except molds)

above ground fruiting bodies which disseminate spores from extensive underground mycelia

fungal disease

• allergy to spores
• ingested toxin
• fungal infection

• superficial- surface only, not reaching underlying tissues (redness/irritation)
• intermediate-crosses to underlying tissues but not spreading to blood stream but has potential (inflammation, more redness, some bleeding)
• systemic- spread into cardiovascular system and into blood stream ( open wound, bleeding, infection, redness around initial location)

terrestrial animal with exoskeleton and jointed legs (fleas/lice/ticks/spiders)

• mechanical- carry microbe to new host (land on something gross and then land on you)
• biological vector- carry microbe as through some part of its life cycle

• eukaryotic
• multicellular animal
• chemoheterotrophic
• parasitic worm

fecal to oral

photosynthetic member of eucarya domain

• aquatic
• oxygenic phototrophs (produce o2)
• unicell/multicellular

toxic substance produced by dynophyta algae that can be fatal if ingested

• eukaryotic
• unicellular
• aquatic
• asexual reproduction by fission, buddign, schizogony, conjugation
• some produce cysts

• most bites are MRSA infections
• spider bites can get infected later, if lesion doesnt heal suspect staph infections

• first word (genus)- capital, underline or italicize
• second word (species)- lower case, italic

MUST SOUND LATIN

• diplo- pair
• strepto- row 4+
• tetrad- 2 pair
• sarcinae- 2 tetrad
• staphylo- cluster

• fermentation (cheese, yogurt)
• insulin (manufacture from E. coli in lab)

use microbes to clean up garbage

• 1 um = 10^-6 M

  1 nm = 10 ^-9 M

nanometer (nm)

• (+) retains basic stain after acid wash
• (-) counterstain

to see capsule if present

light, chemical, gravity, magnatism

• thick peptidoglycan
• teichoic acids
• susceptible to penicillan b/c no outer membrane

• thin peptidoglycan
• outer membrane with lipopolysaccharide, lipoprotien, and porin protien which make it a barrier for penicillin to get in.

• sporulation is formation of endorspore d/t stress
• germination is return to vegetation state