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define meterology
is the study of the atmoshere
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define weather
at a given time and locale place describing the atmospheric conditions
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define climate
is a desciption of atmospheric condtions over long periods of time for large geographical region
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what are the 6 elements of atmosphic conditions and the instruments for testing them
- 1. air temp- liquid themometer
- 2. air humidity- psychrometer
- 3.type and amount of clouds- visual,shape, color, and how high
- 4.type and amount of precipitation-rainguage
- 5.air pressure-mercury barmeter
- 6.speed-anmometer
- direction of wind-windsocks/windvanes
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what is the starting temp of atmosphere in cintagrade and f (room temp)
- 20 degrees cintagrade
- 68 degrees f
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what is the atmosphere and why is what makes up the atmosphere here
a mixture of gases that are trapped by gravity
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what are and where do the 2 main sources of gases in atmosphere come from
- 1. igneous activities- via, volcanic & fissure
- 2. biological activities-via,photosynthesis & decay
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on average if air is clean and dry what is the percent (equals 100) of gas & what type of gas
- 78%=nitrogen gas (N2)
- 21%=oxygen gas (O2)
- 1%= argon & carbon dixiode (Co2)
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what are the 3 variable componets in air
- 1. H2O vapor-#1 most significate gas in the atmosphere meterologically-its know as the weather maker
- 2. aresols- vivid hues of red and oranges at sunrise and sunset-are tiny particle droplets capable of floating- dust,salt,pollen,oils
- 3. Ozone (Cz)-it is toxic to the respiatory system is a layer of ozone, is concentrated in the upper region is called Ozone sheild and it protect us from radiation 99% of UV rays
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what is the process of photosynthesis
- step1. to split water
- 2. make carbohydrates it keeps hydrgen and releases oxygen
- 3.UV splits O2 and makes Oz in the atmosphere
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define temperature
refers to a measurement of the heat in a substance- therometer is used to measure it
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define heat
- refers to the form of energy associated with molecular motion
- (knenetic of molecules)
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define specific heat
refers to the energy needed to raise 1 gram of a substance 1 degree
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define latent heat
(hidden)- refers to the energy needed for 1 gram of a substance to change state(phase)
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latent heat-how many calories dose it take for a solid to become liquid and whats it called
80 cal- melting
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latent heat-how many calories dose it take for a liquid to freeze and what is it called
80 cal- freezing
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latent heat-how many calories dose it take for a liquid to become a gas and whats it called
600 cal- evaporation
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latent heat-how many calories dose it take for a gas to change to a liquid and whats it called
600 cal- condensation
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meteologicaly what is the only one that changes state
water
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if i raise one gram of water 1 degree it is called
a calorie
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what does rotation mean in regards to the earth
day =1 full spin around axis
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what does revolution mean in regards to the earth
year= 1 orbit around the sun
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what are the two solstice, their time of year, and where are they in regards to earth
- summer-(jun 21-22,) the day the sun has reached its highrst point in the sky longest day of the year.
- winter-(dec 21-22,) sun has reached the lowest point in the sky shortest day of the year
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what effects the seasonal heat
angle of incoming radiation more direct the greater the intensity
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what are the two equinoxs ,their time of year and where are they in regards to the earth
- spring -(march 21-22,) halfway through they year
- fall-(sept 22-23,) halfway through the year
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what are the 3 mechanisms of heat transfer
- 1. conduction- transfer of heat through matter by molecular activity
- 2. convection-is the transfer of heat by mass movement of circulation w/ a substance
- 3.radiation-is the heat transfer by which solar energy reaches the planet
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in regards to radiation what is the % reflected back to space -what do we call it and how does it make us look
30%-(ALBEDO)-makes us very shinny and pretty
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in regards to radiation what % is absored by atmoshpere
20%
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in regards to radiation what % is absorbed by land and water
50%
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in regards togases in the atmosphere what are the most abdanant gases and their %
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what is global warming and why does it occur
occurs on this planet because gases trap the radate heat wont let it escape and acts like a blanket
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in regards to global warming what do we call these gases and what number one and whats number two
greenhouse gases-1-h2o vapors,2-co2
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altitude as it refers to temperture
the higher you go the colder it gets
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what direction do pervaling winds flow
they always blow the same direction all the time
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what is across the water called as it refers to wind
windward
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what is across the land called as it refers to wind
leeward
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if its nighttime and you have cloud cover what dose that mean
it is warmer and the clouds act like a blanket
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what are isotherms
are lines on maps connecting points or places having the same temperture
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in the northern hemi what is the coldest,average,hostest temp over land
- cold-40 degrees
- average-70 degrees
- hot-35 degrees
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in the southern hemi what is the coldest,average,and hostest temps over land
- cold-20 degrees
- average-50 degrees
- hot-30 degrees
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what is water vapor in the atmosphere called
humidity
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what is releative humdity
ratio of water needed in air compared to total water vapor needed for saturation at a givem temp
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what is used to mesaure relative humdity
a sling psychometer
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how does the sling psychometer work
you have a wet bulb and a dry bulb they are slung back and forth and it measures how long it takes the wet bulb to evepervate
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what does it mean if you have a great difference between the wet and dry bulb
relative humdity is lower
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what does dew point mean
when air reaches saturation (air cant hold anymore water)
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what would expect at sunrise
higest dewpoint means highest humdity
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what is adiabatic temp and what do you get with expanding and contracting
- is a change in temp when a substance expands or contracts due to a change in pressure
- expands-cools
- contracts-heats
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what is air pressure and when is 50% gone and whenis 90% gone
- refers to the weight of air above a given point
- 50%-3.5 miles above sea level
- 90%-10 miles above sea level
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the dry adiabatic rate - air goes up it cools and air goes down it heats what is the contant degree that the adiabatic dose this every 1,000 meters rather its up or down
10 dgrees c
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what is the ELR
Enviromental Lapse Rate
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when does the ELR occour
is a change in temps with altitude in the troposhere (surface layer)
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if you have a low ELR what do you call weather
absolute stability- all good weather
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if you have a high ELR what do you call weather
absoulate instability-weather is bad
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what are clouds
suspend water droplets in the air
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as it refers to clouds anything below 2km is called
low
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as it refers to clouds anything between 2km and 6km is called what
mid-alto
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as it refers to the clouds anything above 6km is called what
high- cirro
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what do we call clouds at ground level
fog
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if a cloud has a cirro perfix what does that mean
it is high
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if a cloud has an alto prefix it means what
its in the middle
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what do nimbo stratus clouds look like
white, pale ,fluffy
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what do stratus clouds look like
sheet like layers
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what do cumulus clouds look like
fluffy,gobbed together
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what dose a cumulonimbos cloud look like
dark ,grey
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higher the cloud the more what it has
energy
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what is a cirrus cloud called
mane's tail
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what does suppercooled refer to in refence of a cloud
water in liquid state below 0 degrees
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how is preciptation measured
a standard rain gage i.e. 10km opening(mouth) and a 1km tube
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when do we call water that refreezes on the down after leaving a cloud
sleet
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what do we call water that freezes than fall from a cloud
hail
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what is the most common from of weather
snow
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what is rain
it is when water droplets become to heavy to stay in a cloud
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water freezes at what temps
- 0 degrees C. and
- 32 drgrees F.
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water evporates at what temps
- 100 degrees C. and
- 212 degrees F.
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what is the bergernor process
suspend water droplets ( due to the process of being supercooled) in clouds
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what is supercooled mean
water freezes at a temp of (-40 degrees C, and -40 degrees F)
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what does the torricelli mercury barometer measure
air pressure
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what is standard sea level air pressure
14.7 pounds per square inch
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who is torricelli
a famous student of Galileo invented the barometer (time frame around 1643)
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in the barometer when air pressure increases mercury does what
it rises in the tube
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in the barometer when air pressure decreases mercury does what
it sinks in the tube
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standard atmospheric pressure at sea level requires (what) inches of mercury
- 29.92 inches
- 76 cm
- 1011 millibars
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if you have a low front whats you air doing
- warm and wet
- air is riseing
- air is convergeing
- moving up and inward
- air flows,counter clockwise
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if you have a high front whats your air doing
- cold and dry
- air is sinking
- air is divergeing
- moving down and outward
- air flows, clockwise
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how do fluids flow
from high to low
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what does pressure gradient determine
windspeed
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what are Isobars
lines on a map that connecting points or places having the same pressure
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if you have close Isobars what can you say about the wind
it is high
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if you have not close Isobars what can you say about the wind
it is low
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66 1/2 degrees above the equator but below 90 degrees you have a high air flow whats it called and what direction does it flow
- polar easterlies
- east to west
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above the equator between 23 1/2 degees and 66 1/2 degrees you have a mid air flow whats it called and what direction does it flow
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almost at the equator you have a low air flow whats it called and what direction does it flow
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