What type of development/stage did Erikson say was going on in the preschool years?
development: psychosocial
stage: initiative vs. guit
What type of development/stage did fredu say was going on on the preschool years?
Development: psychosocial
Stage: Phallic
What type of development/stage did piaget say was going on in the preschool years?
Development: cognitive
stage: preoperational
What ages do the "preschool years" cover?
ages 3-5
Weight change in the preschool years
The preschooler should gaint about 2.25 kg (5 lbs) per year
What heigh changes occur for preschoolers
The preschooler should grow 6.2 to 7.5 c (2.5 to 3 in) per year
Developmental skills typically acquired by the preschooler
Alternating feet on stairs
Going upand down steps easily
Hopping
Walking heel-to-toe
Dressing without help
Drawing copies of shapes on paper
Drawing a more detailed stick figure
Playing on playground equipment
What do the 2 phases of preoperational thinking include?
Preconceptional: preschoolers make judgements based on visual appearances
Intuitive thought: begin around age 4, preschooler can classify information and become aware of cause and effect relationships
Preschoolers' development of language
The preschooler's vocabulary continues to increase. The preschooler can now speak in sentences, is able to identify colors, and enjoys tlaking
Preschooler's understanding of time
The preschooler begins to understand the concept sof the past, present, and future. By the end of the preschool years, the child may comprehend days of the week.
Psychosocial development of a preschooler
A preschooler may take on many new experiences despite not having all of the physical abilitie necessary to be successful at everything. Guilt may occur when children are unable to accomplish a task and believe they have misbehaved. Guiding preschoolers to attmept activites wihtin their capabilities while setting limits is appropriate
Moral development of preschoolers
Preschoolers continue in the good/bad orientation of the oddler years ut begin to understand behaviors in terms of what is socially acceptable
Self-concept development of a preschooler
The preschooler feels good about self with regard to mastering skill ssuch as dressing and feeding that allow independence.
During stress, insecurity, or illness, a preschooler may regress to previous immature behaviors or develop habits such as nail biting or nose picking
Body image changes of preschoolers
Mistaken perceptions of reality coupled with misconceptions in thinking lead to active fantasies and fears. The greatest fear is bodily harm
Sex-role identification is also occuring
Age appropriate activities for preschoolers
Parallel play hifts to associative play during the preschool years. Play is not highly organized, but cooperation dos exist between children. Appropriate activities include-
Playing ball
Putting puzzles together
Riding tricycles
Pretend and dress-up activities
Role play
Paintin
Sewing cards nd beads
Reading books
Nutrition for preschoolers
A preschooler consumes about half the amount of an adult (1,800kcal)
Preschoolers may continue to be picky eaters up to age 5
Parents need to ensure that their child is receiving a balance of nutrients
What to advise parents to do concerning sleep disturbances of preschoolers
Assess whether or not the bedtime is too early or if the child is still taking a nap. The average preschooler requires around 12 hrs of sleep a day. Some preschoolers still require a daytime nap.
Keep a consisstent bedtime routine
Try using a night light
Reassure the chil who has been frightened, but avoid having the child sleep with the parents
Vision screening of preschoolers
routinely done in the preschool population as part of the prekindergarten physical exam. Myopia and amblyopia can be detected an treated before poor visual acuity impairs the learning environment.
Immunizations for preschool age children (3-5 years):
4-6years:
DTaP
IPV
MMR
varicella
yearly TIV for preschoolers 36-59 months
Car-seats and preschoolers
Preschool children should be in car seats appropriate for weight and height.
The child should e restrained in a car seat or booster chair until seat belts fit cforrectly. Laws may vary from state to state and requirements may be up to 36.3 kg (80 lbs) and height of 4 feet 9 inches
What developmental tasks should a preschooler currently be doing to indicate that his growth and development is appropriate for his age? (saa)
He shows a good understanding of time
He is able to perform the heel0to-toe walk
He is able to op
He demonstrates good coordination
He can draw copies of shapes on paper
He speas in sentences
He is able to perform the heel-to-toe walk
he is able to hop
He can draw copies of shapes on paper
He speaks in sentences
What type of play is normal for a 3 year old?
parallel play
Which of the following developmental tasks should be achieved during the preschool years?
C. Dressing independently
According to Erikson, what type of development/stage is occuring during the school-ages?
development: psychosocial
Stage: industry vs inferiority
What type of development/stage did freud say was occuring during middle childhood?
development: psychosocial
stage: latency
What type of development/stage did Piaget think was taking plac during school-age?
Development: Cognitive
Stage: Concrete operations
What changes in weight to school age children experience?
The school-age child will gain 2 to 4 kg (8.8 lbs) per year
What changes in height do school age children experience?
The school-age child will grow by about 2 in per year
What ages are included in the school age period?
Ages 5-12
What changes r/t puberty do school-age females experience?
Budding of breasts
Appearance of public hair
Menarche
What changes r/t puberty begin to appear in school age males?
Enlargement of testicles wiht changes in scrotum, such as increased looseness
Appearance of pubic hair
Other than puberty what other physical changes occur in school-aged children?
Permanent teeth erupt
Coordination improves
Visual acuity improves to 20/30
What cognitive development occurs in school-aged children?
Concrete thought which includes the following:
Weight and volume are seen as unchanging
Is able to understand simple analogies
Is able to undestand time (days, easons, etc.)
Can define many wrds and understand rules of grammar
Classifies morecomplex inormation
Is able to understand various emtotions people experience
Psychosocial development that occurs in school-aged children
A sense of industry is achieved through achievements in learning
Children at this age prefer the company of same-sex companions
Most relationships come from school associations
Children at this age may rival teh same-sex parent
Fears of ridicule by peers and teachers over school related issues are common. Some children manifest nerous behaviors to deal witht the stress such as nail biting
Moral Development in school-aged children
Early on, the school-age child may not understand the reasoning behind many rules and may try to find ways around them. Instrumental exchange is in place - "I'll help you if you help me." The child is out to make the best deal, and she does not really consider elements of loyalty, tratitude,or justice as she makes her decisions.
In the later part of the school years, the child moves into a law-and-order orientation with more emphsis placed on justice being administered fairly.
Self-concept development in school-aged children
School-age children strive to develop a healthy self-respec through finding out in what areas they excel
School-age chldren need parents to encourage them regarding educational or extracurricular successes
Body-image changes in school-aged children
This is the age at which solidification of body imge occurs
Curiosity about sexuality should be addressed with educaiton regarding sexual development and the reproduction process
School-age children are more modest and place more emphasis on privacy issues than preschoolers
Age-appropriate Activities for school-aged children: 6-9 year olds
Competitive and cooperative play is predominant
Play simple board and number games
Hopscotch
Jump rope
Collect rocks, stamps, cards, or coins
Ride bicycles
Build simple models
Join organized sports - skill building
Age-appropriate activities for school-aged children 9-12 year olds
Competative and cooperative play is predominant
Make crafts
Build models
Collect/engage in hobbies
Solve jigsaw puzzles
Play board and card games
Join organized competitive sports
Nutrition for school aged children
By the end of hte school-age years, teh child is eating an adult proportion of food. He needs quality nutritious snacks
Scoliosis :(
School-aged children should be screened for scoliosis by examining for a lateral curvature of thespine before and during growth spurts. Screening ma take place at schools or at a ehatlh provider's office.
Obesity
An increasing concern of school-aged children that predisposes them to low self-esteem, diabetes, heart disease, and high blood pressure.
Advice to give parents to pevent/combat obesity
Don't use food as a reward
Emphasize physical activity
Make sure a blanced diet is consumed
Avoid frequent meals eaten in fast food restuarants
What is the second leading cause of death in children?
Cancers such as leukemia
True or false: respiratory infections are still common among school-aged children
true
What disease/condition accounts for many school absences among school-aged children?
asthma
Immunization recommendations for school aged children ages 5-12
If not given between teh ages of 4 to 5, then by age 6:
DTaP
IPV
MMR
Varicella
What should be stressed in terms of injury prevention for school-aged children?
Fracture prevention - wear protective gear when participating in sports
Avoid trampolines
Teach children to swim
Teach fire safety
Keep firearms locked up.
Motor vehicles safety
Motor vehicles and school-aged children
The child should be restrained in a car seat or booster chair until adult seat belts fit corfrectly.
Laws may vary from state to state and requirments may be up to 80 lbs and a height of 4 feet 9 inches.
Children less than 13 years of age are safest in the back seat
A 10-year old boy has been gaining weight without a proportional gain in height. His parents are concerned and talking to the school nurse.
What questions should be asked of the child's parents?
Describe what a typical day is like for your child
What does your child typically eat at meals?
Does your child snak in between meals, and what type of snacks does he consume?
A 10-year old boy has been gaining weight without a proportional gain in height. His parents are concerned and talking to the school nurse.
Should the school nurse considerthe child's weight gain normal?
Yes. If the child eats nutritious foods, does not consume many empty calories, and i active, this may be the normal weight gain experienced by 10-12 year old children
A 10-year old boy has been gaining weight without a proportional gain in height. His parents are concerned and talking to the school nurse.
What information should the nurse share with the child's parents?
The weight gain can e hormonal and precede a growth spurt (height) surrounding puberty. Additionally, the child's metabolic rate will increase during the adolescent years, and he will require additional nutrients, so limiting intake at this time may not be warranted
What sequences of changes will girls experience with the onset of puberty?
Budding of breasts
Pubic hair appears
Menarche
An 8-year-old boy with a fractured femur is hospitalized in a two-bed room. With which of the following roommates should the boy share a room?
B. A 9 year old boy with an appendectomy
Which of the following behaviors by a school-age child demonstrates appropriate psychosocial development?
C. Bringing home a good grade on a math test and showing parents