unit 1 part 3 preschooler-schoolage

• development: psychosocial
• stage: initiative vs. guit

• Development: psychosocial
• Stage: Phallic

• Development: cognitive
• stage: preoperational

ages 3-5

The preschooler should gaint about 2.25 kg (5 lbs) per year

The preschooler should grow 6.2 to 7.5 c (2.5 to 3 in) per year

• Alternating feet on stairs
• Going upand down steps easily
• Hopping
• Walking heel-to-toe
• Dressing without help
• Drawing copies of shapes on paper
• Drawing a more detailed stick figure
• Playing on playground equipment

• Preconceptional: preschoolers make judgements based on visual appearances
• Intuitive thought: begin around age 4, preschooler can classify information and become aware of cause and effect relationships

The preschooler's vocabulary continues to increase. The preschooler can now speak in sentences, is able to identify colors, and enjoys tlaking

The preschooler begins to understand the concept sof the past, present, and future. By the end of the preschool years, the child may comprehend days of the week.

A preschooler may take on many new experiences despite not having all of the physical abilitie necessary to be successful at everything. Guilt may occur when children are unable to accomplish a task and believe they have misbehaved. Guiding preschoolers to attmept activites wihtin their capabilities while setting limits is appropriate

Preschoolers continue in the good/bad orientation of the oddler years ut begin to understand behaviors in terms of what is socially acceptable

• The preschooler feels good about self with regard to mastering skill ssuch as dressing and feeding that allow independence.
• During stress, insecurity, or illness, a preschooler may regress to previous immature behaviors or develop habits such as nail biting or nose picking

• Mistaken perceptions of reality coupled with misconceptions in thinking lead to active fantasies and fears. The greatest fear is bodily harm
• Sex-role identification is also occuring

• Parallel play hifts to associative play during the preschool years. Play is not highly organized, but cooperation dos exist between children. Appropriate activities include-
• Playing ball
• Putting puzzles together
• Riding tricycles
• Pretend and dress-up activities
• Role play
• Paintin
• Sewing cards nd beads
• Reading books

• A preschooler consumes about half the amount of an adult (1,800kcal)
• Preschoolers may continue to be picky eaters up to age 5
• Parents need to ensure that their child is receiving a balance of nutrients

• Assess whether or not the bedtime is too early or if the child is still taking a nap. The average preschooler requires around 12 hrs of sleep a day. Some preschoolers still require a daytime nap.
• Keep a consisstent bedtime routine
• Try using a night light
• Reassure the chil who has been frightened, but avoid having the child sleep with the parents

routinely done in the preschool population as part of the prekindergarten physical exam. Myopia and amblyopia can be detected an treated before poor visual acuity impairs the learning environment.

• 4-6years:
• DTaP
• IPV
• MMR
• varicella
• yearly TIV for preschoolers 36-59 months

• Preschool children should be in car seats appropriate for weight and height.
• The child should e restrained in a car seat or booster chair until seat belts fit cforrectly. Laws may vary from state to state and requirements may be up to 36.3 kg (80 lbs) and height of 4 feet 9 inches

• He is able to perform the heel-to-toe walk
• he is able to hop
• He can draw copies of shapes on paper
• He speaks in sentences

parallel play

C. Dressing independently

• development: psychosocial
• Stage: industry vs inferiority

• development: psychosocial
• stage: latency

• Development: Cognitive
• Stage: Concrete operations

The school-age child will gain 2 to 4 kg (8.8 lbs) per year

The school-age child will grow by about 2 in per year

Ages 5-12

• Budding of breasts
• Appearance of public hair
• Menarche

• Enlargement of testicles wiht changes in scrotum, such as increased looseness
• Appearance of pubic hair

• Permanent teeth erupt
• Coordination improves
• Visual acuity improves to 20/30

• Concrete thought which includes the following:
• Weight and volume are seen as unchanging
• Is able to understand simple analogies
• Is able to undestand time (days, easons, etc.)
• Can define many wrds and understand rules of grammar
• Classifies morecomplex inormation
• Is able to understand various emtotions people experience

• A sense of industry is achieved through achievements in learning
• Children at this age prefer the company of same-sex companions
• Most relationships come from school associations
• Children at this age may rival teh same-sex parent
• Fears of ridicule by peers and teachers over school related issues are common. Some children manifest nerous behaviors to deal witht the stress such as nail biting

• Early on, the school-age child may not understand the reasoning behind many rules and may try to find ways around them. Instrumental exchange is in place - "I'll help you if you help me." The child is out to make the best deal, and she does not really consider elements of loyalty, tratitude,or justice as she makes her decisions.
• In the later part of the school years, the child moves into a law-and-order orientation with more emphsis placed on justice being administered fairly.

• School-age children strive to develop a healthy self-respec through finding out in what areas they excel
• School-age chldren need parents to encourage them regarding educational or extracurricular successes

• This is the age at which solidification of body imge occurs
• Curiosity about sexuality should be addressed with educaiton regarding sexual development and the reproduction process
• School-age children are more modest and place more emphasis on privacy issues than preschoolers

• Competitive and cooperative play is predominant
• Play simple board and number games
• Hopscotch
• Jump rope
• Collect rocks, stamps, cards, or coins
• Ride bicycles
• Build simple models
• Join organized sports - skill building

• Competative and cooperative play is predominant
• Make crafts
• Build models
• Collect/engage in hobbies
• Solve jigsaw puzzles
• Play board and card games
• Join organized competitive sports

By the end of hte school-age years, teh child is eating an adult proportion of food. He needs quality nutritious snacks

School-aged children should be screened for scoliosis by examining for a lateral curvature of thespine before and during growth spurts. Screening ma take place at schools or at a ehatlh provider's office.

An increasing concern of school-aged children that predisposes them to low self-esteem, diabetes, heart disease, and high blood pressure.

• Don't use food as a reward
• Emphasize physical activity
• Make sure a blanced diet is consumed
• Avoid frequent meals eaten in fast food restuarants

Cancers such as leukemia

true

asthma

• If not given between teh ages of 4 to 5, then by age 6:
• DTaP
• IPV
• MMR
• Varicella

• Fracture prevention - wear protective gear when participating in sports
• Avoid trampolines
• Teach children to swim
• Teach fire safety
• Keep firearms locked up.
• Motor vehicles safety

• The child should be restrained in a car seat or booster chair until adult seat belts fit corfrectly.
• Laws may vary from state to state and requirments may be up to 80 lbs and a height of 4 feet 9 inches.
• Children less than 13 years of age are safest in the back seat

• Describe what a typical day is like for your child
• What does your child typically eat at meals?
• Does your child snak in between meals, and what type of snacks does he consume?

Yes. If the child eats nutritious foods, does not consume many empty calories, and i active, this may be the normal weight gain experienced by 10-12 year old children

The weight gain can e hormonal and precede a growth spurt (height) surrounding puberty. Additionally, the child's metabolic rate will increase during the adolescent years, and he will require additional nutrients, so limiting intake at this time may not be warranted

• Budding of breasts
• Pubic hair appears
• Menarche

B. A 9 year old boy with an appendectomy

C. Bringing home a good grade on a math test and showing parents