What type of development/stage did Erickson say was going on from birth to 1 year (infancy)?
Development: psychosocial
Stage: Trust vs Mistrust
What type of development/stage did Freud say was going on from birth to 1 year (infancy)?
Development: Psychosocial
Stage: Oral
What type of development/stage did piaget say was goig on from birth to 1 year (infancy)?
Development: Cognitive
Stage: Sensorimotor
When does the infant's posterior fontanel close?
2-3 monhs
How does an infant's weight change?
The infant gains 1.5 lbs per month the first six months and 0.75 lbs per month the last 6 months.
The infant triples in birth weight by the end of the first year
How does an infant's height change?
Teh infant grows 2.5 cm (1 in)/month the first 6 months and then
1.25 cm 0.5 in) per month for the last 6 months.
How does an infant's head circumferance change?
The circumference of hte infant's head increases 1.25 cm (0.5 in) per month for the first 6 months.
When can an infant hold his head up?
3 months
When can an infant roll over?
5 - 6 months
Whe can an infant hold her head steady when sitting?
6 months
When can an infant get to sitting position alone and pull up to standing position?
9 months
When can an infant sand holding on?
12 months
When can an infant stand alone?
12 months
What are som fine motor skills that develop during infancy?
Brings hands together
Grasps rattle
Looks for items that are droped from view
Transfers an object from one hand to the other
RAkes fingers with hand
Uses thumb-finger to grasp items
Bangs two toys together
Can nest one object inside another
When does an infant transfer an object from one hand to another?
6 months
When does an infant use thumb-finger to grasp items?
9 months
When does an infant bang two toys together?
9 months
When does an infantnest one object nside another?
12 months
Sensorimotor
Characterized by initial refelexes replaced by having voluntary movements that are self-centered on having needs met
Involves object permanence, the infant's discrimination between persons and the infant comprehending word meanings
Object permanence
Teh infant realizes that an object still exists even wehn it is no longer in view (occurs between 6 to 12 months)
Language development in infancy
Follows the sensorimotor period
Infant responds to noises
Vocalizes with "oos" and "aahhs"
Laughs and squeals
Turns head to the sound of a rattle
Pronounces single-syllable words
Begins speaking two and then three-word phrases.
Personal-social development in infancy
REgards faces
Smiles in response to others
Regards own hands
Works to reach toys
Feeds self by eating finger foods
Waves goodbye
Plays pat-a-cake
Drinks from a cup with handles.
When does an infant begin to bond with her parents?
Within the first month
The process is enhanced when both the infant and the parents are in good health, have positive feeding experiences, and are receiving adequate rest.
Separation anxiety
develops the latter half of hte first year.
therefore parents should be encouraged not to leave the infant for long periods of time.
Separation Recognition
Occurs during the first year s the infant learns his physical boundaries form that of other people
Self-concept development in infancy
By the end of the first year, infants will be able to distinguish themselves as being separate from their parents.
Body-image changes in infancy
The infant discovers that his mouth is a pleasure producer
Hand and feet are seen as objects of play
The infant discovers that smiling causes others to react
Age appropriate activities for infants
Rattles
Mobiles
Teething toys
Nesting toys
Playing pat-a-cake
Playing with balls
Reading books.
Feeding alternatives for an infant include:
Breastfeeding
Iron-fortified formula
Cow's milk (not recommended)
When can solids be introduced?
When the infant doubles his birth weight (5-6 months)
Firt give the infant cereals
Next, give the infant pureed or strained foods oneat a time to assess for food allergies
Finally, breast milk/forumla should be decreased as intake of solid foods increases.
Weaning
Can be accomplished when the infant is able to drink form a cup with handles (somtime after 6 months)
One of the infant's feedings is switched to a cup with handles
The infant's bedtime feeding is the last to be replaced.
Hyperbilirubinemia
Commonly caused by immaturity of the liver and is observed as jaundice
Bilirubin levels are assessed, and if elevated are treated with phototherapy. If left untreated, hyperbilirubinemia can cause brain damage
Manifestations of physical neglect in infancy
Poor hygiene
Failure to demonstrate adequate growth and development
Injuries related to insufficient safeguards
Manifestations of emotional abuse/neglect in infancy
FAilure to demonstrate adequate G&D
poor social interactions
Fear of strangers
Manifestations of physical abuse in infancy
Bruising
Welts
Lacerations
Burns
Fractures
Bite marks
Fear of parents
Lack of reactions
Abdominal distention
Vomiting
Missing hair
Manifestations of sexual abuse in infancy
Bruising
Bleeding
Abrasions around external genitalia, rectum, or mouth
STDs
UTIs
Dentition
6-8 teeth erupt in the infant's mouth by the end of the first year
How to care for a teething infant
Teething pain can be eased using cold teething rings, ver the counter teeting gels, or acetaminophen and/or ibuprofen
Clean the infant's teeth using a wet washcloth
Bottles should not be given to infants when they are fallin gasleep
What vaccinations should infants receive at birth?
Hepatitis B
What immunizations should infants receive at 2 months?
Hep B
Rotavirus vaccine
Diptheria, tetanus toxoids and pertussis (DtaP)
Haemophilus influenzae type B (Hib)
Pneumococcal vaccine (PCV)
Inactivated poliovirus (IPV)
What immunizations should infants receive at 4 months?
Rota, DTaP, Hib, PCV, IPV
What immunizations should infants receive at six months?
Hep B (6 to 12 months), Rota, DTaP, PCV, IPV (6 to 18 months)
Diaper rash treatment and prevention
Changin the infant's diapers frequently
Cleansing the infant's skin with water and dyring throoughly at each change
Applying either A&D or zinc oxide ointment to the infant's rash before replacing the diaper
Exposing the infant's reddened skin to air during the day when posible
Preventing suffocation in infancy
Plastic bags should be avoided
A firm crib matteress should fit tight
Crib slats should be no further apart than 6 cm
No pillows should be allowed in the infant's crib
The infant should b eplaced on the back for sleep
The infant should never be left alone in the bath
Preventing falls in infancy
Rails should be up on the crib
use restraints in infant seats
Place the seat on the ground or floor if used outside of the car, and do not leave it unattended or on elevated surfacs
Use safety gates across stairs
Preventing poisoning in infancy
Avoid exposing the infant to lead paint
Keep toxins and plants out of the infant's reach
Keep safety locks on cabinets with celaners and other household chemicals
Keep poison control number near the phone.
Keep medications in childproof containers
Preventing burns in infancy
Check temp of bath water
Turn down the htermostat on hot wtaer ehater
Make sure smoke detectors are working at all times
Elevate hot objects
Use sunscreen during the infant's exposure to the sun
Cover electrical outlets
Motor vehicles and infancy
Use an approved rearfacing care seat in teh back seat (away from airbags) to transport the infant
Infants should be in rear facing car seats for the first year of life and until they weigh 9.1 kg (20 lbs). It is not recommended ot have the infant ride rear-facing until he has reache dthe height and weight limit allowed by the manufacturere of the car seat
Preventing bodily damage in infancy
Keep sharp objects out of reach and turn diaper pins away from the infant
Dangers in infancy
Injury
Falls
Poisoning
Burns
Motor vehicles
Bodily damage
A 6-month-old infant weighed 3.2 kg (7 lbs) at birth. Currently, at his well infant check-up he weighs 17 lbs. Is this weight normal for his age?
Yes, this infant has doubled his birth weight by 5-6 months of age
A 6 mo infant's mother states that her infant just started sitting iwth support. LIst several gross motor skills that the nurse would expect the infant to develop over the next few months
Rolling over
Standing holding on, standing alone
Getting to sitting position and sitting alone
One of the personal-social skills that a 6 mo infant demonstrates is reaching to get toys. What activities should the nurse suggest tot he infant's mother to promote personal and social development over the next few months?
FEeding self iwth finger foods
Waving goodbye
Playing pat-a-cake
Drinking from a cup with handles
A 6 month old infant says "Dada" and turns to see wherevarious sounds are coming from. What language skills wil the infant develop over the next several months?
Pronouncing other single-syllable words
Speaking two and then three word phrases
What immunizations should a 6 month old receive if his previous immunizations are current?
hep b
Rota
DTaP
IPV
PVC
TIV
yearly flu vaccination
During a well-infant check, the moher of a 9 month old infant states that her infant is easily distraced from breastfeedingand does not seem that interested. What teaching can teh nurse provide?
The infant may not be ready to drink form a cup with handles. Solids can also be started by offeringcereals first, followed by pureed or strained foods one at a time to asses for food allergies.
What information can a nurse provide to assist a mother to wean her infant?
One of the infant's feedings is switched to a cup with handles
The infan'ts bedtime feedings is the last oen to be replaced
Cognitive development of the infant includes development of object permanence.This means the infant:
Realizes that an object continues to exist even though it is no longer in view
What type of development/stage did Erickson say was going on in toddlerhood?
Development: psychosocial
Stage: Autonomy vs. shame
What type of developmentstage did Freud say was going on in childhood?
Development: Psychosocial
Stage: Anal
What type of development did Piaget say was going on in childhood?
Development: cognitive
Stage: Sensorimotor transitions to preoperational
When does a toddler's anterior fontanel close?
by 18 moths of age
How does a toddler's weight change?
At 30 months the toddler should weigh 4 times his birth weight
How does a toddler's height change?
The toddler grows by 7.5 cm (3 cm) per year
What developmental skills does a toddler achieve?
Development of steady gait
Climbing stairs
Jumping and standing on one foot for short periods
Stacking blocks in increasingy higher numbers
Drawing stick figures
Undressing and feeding self
Toilet training
What cognitive development takes place in toddlerhood?
The concept of object permanence is fully developed
Toddlers demonstrate memory of events that relate to them
Language inreases to about 400 words with the toddler speaking in 2 to 3 word phrases
Preoperational thought does nto allow for the toddler to understand other viewpoints, but it does allow toddlers to symbolize objects and people in orde to imitate activities they have seen previously
What Psychosocial Development takes place during toddlerhood?
Independence is paramount for the toddler who is attempting to do everything for himself
Separation anxiety continues to occur when a parent leaves the child
What moral development takes place when the child is a toddler?
Moral development is closely associate dwith cognitive development
Egocentric: Toddlers are unable to see another's perspective, they only see thier own point of view
The toddler's punishment and obedience orientation begins with a sens that good behavior is rewarded and bad behavior is punished
Self-concept development in toddlerhood
Toddlers progressively see themselves as separate from their parents and increase their explorations away from them
Body-image changes in toddlerhood
The toddler appreciates the usefulness of various body parts
Toddlers develop gender identity by age 3
Age apprpriate activities for toddles
Solitary play evolves into parallel play where the toddler observes other children and then may engage in activities nearby
Filling and emptying containers
Playing with blocks
REadingbooks
Playing with toys tht can be pushed and pulled
Tossing a ball
Nutrition for toddlers
Toddlers are picky eaters with repeated requests for favorite foods
The toddler should be switched to 3 or 4 glasses of cow's milk a day, and serving sizes should be kept small to avoid overwhelming the toddler
Risks for toddlers
Child abuse
Upper respiratory tract infections and otitis media
Drowning
Falls
Suffocation
Poisening
burns
Motor vehicles
How are toddlers with upper respiratory tract infections and otitis media treated?
Acetaminophen and cool mist vaporizers may be useful
Antibiotics or decongestants may be prescribed by a primary care provider
Tempter tantrums with toddlers
result when a toddler is frustrated with restrictions on his independence. Providing consistent, age-appropriate expectations help the toddler work through his frustration
When should toilet training begin?
Can begin when it is recognized that the child has the sensation of needing to urinate or defecate. Parents should demonstrate patience and consistency to toilet training their child. Nighttime control may develop last of all.
What immunizations should a child receive at 12-15 months?
Hib
PCV
IPV(16-18 months)
MMR
varicella
What immunizations should a child receive at 12-23 months?
Hep A given at 2 doses at least 6 months apart
What immunizations should a child receive at 15-18 months?
DTaP
What immunizations should a child receive at 12-36 months?
Do not leave the toddler unattended in teh bathtub
Keep toilet lids closed
Clsoely supervise the child at the pool or any other body of water
How to prevent falls in toddlerhood
Keep doors and windows locked
Keep crib mattress in the lowest position with the rails all the way up
Use safety gates across stairs
How to prevent suffocation in toddlerhood
Keep toys with small parts out of reach.
Make sure food items are cut into small pieces and are without seeds, small bones, nuts, or popcorn
Remove drawstrings from jackets and other clothing
How to prevent poisoning in toddlerhood?
Avoid exposing the toddler to lead paint, elevatetoxinsd and plants, place safety locks on cabinets with cleaners and other chemicals
Keep poison control number near the pohone
Keep meds in childproof containers
Toddlers and car seats
Toddlers should be in rear-facing car seats for the first yar of life and until they weight 9.1 kg (20 lbs) it is recommende dto have th toddler ride rear-facing unti lhe has reached the height and weight limit allowed by the manufacturer of the car seat.
How to prevent bodily damage to toddlers
Educate the toddler regarding whatto do when he is approhced by a stranger
Teach toddlers to avoid unknown animals
A nurse is teaching a class on accident prevention to a group of parents with toddlers. Which of the following strategies should the nurse teach the paretns to implement to prevent accidents?
Keep toxic agents out of reach
Keep sharp objects out of reach
Keep toilet seat up
Turn pot handle toward the back of the stove
Place safety gates across stiarways
Raise setting on hot wate rheater
Place fences around swimming pools
Keep toxic agents out of reach
Keep sharp objects out of reach
Turn pot handles toward the back of the stove
Place safety gates across stairways
Place fences around swimming pools
Wha immunizations should a toddler receive between the ages of 12 months and 3 years?
DTaP
HiB
PBC
IPV
MMR
Varicella
Hep A
yearling influenza
Describe what a nurse should expect to observe when watching 18 month old children play in a daycare facility?
The children will engage in solitary play initially taht will eventually evolve into parallel play. The toddler will observe other children and engage in activities nearby
What developmental accomplishments make accidents prevalent among toddlers?
Independence and desire to try things alone
Waiting to explore more away from parents
Walking well
Ability to climb
Effective discipline of a toddler includes
A: Consistent enforcement of well-defined boundaries or limits
B: punishment for poor behavior
C: Allowing the child to learn teh majority of the time by trial and error
D: Consistently rewarding only good behavior
A: Consistent enforcement fo well-defined boundaries or limits
A 20 month old child is being discharged from the hospital. Which of the following potential health risks should be addessed with the parents? select all that apply.
Cholesterol screening for cardiovascular disease
Poisening
Peer pressure
Burns
Falls
Poisening
Burns
Falls
A monther of a 2-year old child states that her chld has temper tantrums. The child says "no" every time the mother tries to help her. The nurse explains that developmentally, the toddleris
