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Carcinogen
a cancer produding substance
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DNA Replication
Formation of new DNA molecules
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Replica Plating
A technique use to transfer colonies from one medium to another.
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RNA Primer
Molecule to which a polymerase can attach to begin DNA Replication
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Semiconservative Replication
Replication in which a new DNA double helix is synthesized from one strand of parent DNA and one strand of new DNA
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Sense Codon
A set of three DNA (or mRNA) bases that code for an amino acid
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Spontaneous Mutation
A mutation that occurs in the absence of any agents known to cause changes during DNA replication
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Start Codon
The first codon in a molecule of mRNA which begins the sequence of amino acids in protein synthesis; in bacteria it always codes to methionine.
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Stop Codon
The last codon to be translated in a molecule of mRNA, causing the ribosomes to be released from the mRNA
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Structural Gene
A gene that carries information for the synthesis of a specific polypeptide.
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Template
DNA used as a pattern for the synthesis of a new nucleotide polymer in replication or transcription
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Transcription
The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template
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Transfer RNA
(tRNA)
Type of RNA that transfer amino acids from the cytoplasm to the ribosomes for placement in a protein molecule.
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Translation
The synthesis of protein from information in mRNA
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Acridine Derivative
A chemical mutagen that can be inserte between bases of the DNA double helix causing frameshift mutations.
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Alkylating Agent
A chemical mutagen that can add alkyl groups (-CH3) to DNA bases, altering their shapes and causing errors in base pairing.
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Allele
The form of a gene that occupies the same place (locus) on the DNA molecule as another form but may carry different information for a trait.
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Ames Test
Test used to determine whether a particular substance is mutagenic based on its ability to induce mutations in auxotrophic bacteria.
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Anticodon
A three-base sequence in tRNA that is complementary to one of the mRNA codons, forming a link between each codon and the corresponding amino acid
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Antiparallel
the opposite head-to-tail arrangement of the two strands in a DNA double helix
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Attenuation
A genetic control mechanism that terminates transcription of an operon prematurely when the gene products are not needed.
the weakening of the deases producing ability of an organims
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Auxotroph
An organism that uses carbon dioxide gas to synthesize organic molecules
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Base Analog
A chemical mutagen similar in molecular structure to one of the nitrogenous bases found in DNA that causes point mutations
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Catabolite Repression
Process by which the presence o a preferred nutrient (often glucose) represses the genes coding for enzymes used to metabolize some alternative nutrient.
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Chromosome
a structure that contains the DNA of organisms
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Codon
A sequence of three bases in mRNA that specifies a particular amino acid in the translation process.
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Constitutive Enzyme
An enzyme that is synthesized continuously regardless of the nutrients available to the organism
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Dark repair
Mechanism for repair of damaged DNA by several enzymes that do not require light for activation; the exercise defective nucleotide sequences and replace them with DNA complentary to the unaltered DNA strand.
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Deaminating Agent
A chemical mutagen that can remove an amino group (-NH2) from a nitrogenous base, causing a point mutation.
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Deletion
The removal of one or more nitrogenous bases from DNA, usually producing a frameshift mutation
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Dimer
Two adjacent pyimidines bonded together in a DNA strand, usually as a result of exposure to ultraviolet rays.
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DNA polymerase
An enzyme that moves along behind each replication fork, synthesizing new DNA strands complementary to the orginial ones.
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End product inhibition
Feed back inhibition
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Enzyme Induction
A mechanism whereby the genes coding for enzymes needed to metabolize a particular nutrient are activate by the presence of that nutrient.
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Enzyme Repression
Mechanism by which the presence of a particular metabolic represses the gene coding for enzymes used in its synthesis
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Exon
The region of a gene (or mRNA) that codes for a protein in eukaryotic cells.
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Exonuclease
An enzyme that removes segments of DNA
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Feedback Inhibition
REgulation of a metabolic pathway by the concentration of one of its intermediates or, typically, its end-product, which inhibites an enzyme in the pathway
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Fluctuation Test
A test to determine that resistance to chemical substances occurs spontaneously rather than being induced.
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Framshift Mutation
Mutation resulting from the deletion or insertion of one or more bases.
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Gene
A linear sequence of DNA nucleotides that form a functional unit within a chromosome or plasmid
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Genetic Code
The one-on-one relationship between each codon and a specific amino acid
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Genetics
The science of heredity, including the structure and regulation of genes and how these genes are passed between generations
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Genotype
The genetic information cantained in the DNA of an organism
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Heredity
The transmission of genetic tratis from an organism to its progeny
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Inducd Mutation
A mutation produced by agents called mutagens that increase the mutation rate
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Inducer
A substance that binds to and inactivates a repressor protein.
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Inducible enzyme
An enzyme coded for by a gene that is somestimes active an sometimes inactive
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