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Name the chambers of the equine heart.
left and right atrium and left and right ventricle.
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Name the functions of each chamber of the heart.
atria- collects blood from veins and pumps it into the ventricles.
ventricle- send blood out into the arteries via aorta
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What is the function of the left side of the heart?
It is larger and supplies blood to the entire horse.
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What is the function of the right side of the heart?
Pumps blood to the lungs.
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Where is oxygenated blood found- veins or arteries?
Found in the arteries.
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What is a capillary?
Very small where o2 and co2 are exchanged in the tissues.
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What is the systemic circulation?
Movement of oxygen rich blood to the body cells and return of un-oxygenated blood to the lungs.
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What is the pulmonary circulation?
Circulates blood through the lungs.
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What is the name of the vessels where gasses (oxygen and carbon dioxide) and nutrients are exchanged between blood and tissues?
capillaries
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What are the 3 main types of blood vessels?
arteries, veins, and capillaries
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How do the 3 main types of blood vessels differ?
arteries: carry blood away from the heart. oxygenated.
veins: carry blood to the heart and darker in color. not oxygenated.
capillaries: really small and exchange gasses.
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What gasses are transferred in the lungs?
CO2 can be exchaged for O2
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What gasses are transfered in the tissues?
CO2 can be exchanged for O2
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Name the functions of blood.
Carry nutrients to various body tissues and remove wastes, thermo regulation, immune function, maintaining pH, and transporting hormones.
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Name the constituents of blood.
Red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and plasma
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How does the circulatory system regulate pH?
Buffer to maintain pH because it removes CO2.
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Where are red blood cells stored?
The spleen.
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What is hemoglobin?
Carries O2 and CO2. Iron must be present in order to transport.
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What is myoglobin?
an iron- and oxygen-binding protein found in the muscle tissue of vertebrates
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Name as many types of white blood cells as you can, and list their functions.
Neutrophils- fights acute infection.
Lymphosites- fight chronic infection by forming anti-bodies.
Eosinophils- found in high numbers during allergies and bouts of parasitism
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What do platelets do?
Reduce blood loss from injured vessels by adhering to walls and each other.
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What are the main components of plasma?
- 90% water
- 8% protein, organic, and inorganic matter.
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What is the difference between plasma and serum?
serum is plasma with fibrinogen and other clotting factors removed.
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List the functions of the respiratory system.
Supply O2, remove CO2, pH regulation, temp regulation, water elimination, and noise production.
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List the parts of the parts of the respiratory system.
Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, epiglottis, trachea, bronchi, lungs, bronchioles, and alveoli.
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What is the pharynx?
Passageway for food and air.
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What is the larynx?
Regulates the amount of air that enters the lungs and prevents the inhalation of impurities.
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What is the trachea and what is it composed of?
A long rigid tube that passes between the larynx and the lungs. Made up of a series of cartilaginous rings connected by elastic, fibrous connective tissue.
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What are the bronchi and bronchioles?
Bronchi- Pass into right and left lung, turn into bronchioles.
Bronchioles- at the end of the bronchi and turn into the alveoli.
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What are the alveoli and what are the functions?
Small air sacks surrounded by capillaries where O2 and CO2 exchange occurs.
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What is epistaxis?
A nose bleed.
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What are the causes of epistaxis?
nasal tumors or fungal infections of upper airways.
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What is EIPH (exercise induced pulmonary hemorrhage)?
Called bleeders and caused by intense exercise. Is when they bleed in small vessels of the lungs.
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Which sport commonly has bleeders?
Racing
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Where does the EIPH bleeding originate?
small vessels of the lungs.
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What drug is used to treat EIPH?
Salix and Lasix
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What is roaring? Does the sound occur on inspiration or expiration?
Paralysis of muscle that abduct the arytenoid cartilages. occurs on inspiration.
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Under what conditions will roaring be heard?
Inhaling at a canter or gallup.
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What causes the paralysis of the arytenoid cartilage?
Damage to the recurrent laryngeal nerves.
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What treatments can be done for roaring?
Tie back procedure.
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What is dorsal displacement of the soft palate? Does the sound occur on inspiration or expiration?
Occurs when the soft palate displaces to a position of the epiglottis. Causes noise at expiration.
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What is the difference between ruminant and non-ruminant herbivores?
ruminant- digest fiber in the rumen
non-ruminant is a diet made up of fibrous plants and digested in the cecum.
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What part of the horse's digestive tract functions like the rumen for cattle?
the cecum
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What is the esophagus made of and what does it do?
A smooth muscle with weak contractions.
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How large is the horse's stomach?
2-4 gallons.
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What feeds are digested and absorbed in the stomach, small intestine, cecum, large colon?
Stomach and small intestine: proteins, soluble carbs, and fats.
Cecum and large colon: insoluble carbs and fibrous plants
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How does the horse function without a gall bladder?
The liver constantly secretes bile into the large intestine.
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What is the main function of the large colon?
Water absorption, nutrient absorption and fiber break down.
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How does the horse digest cellulose?
Digested and absorbed in cecum with help of enzymes produced by microbes.
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What are insoluble carbohydrates?
Cellulose and hemicellulose
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What are soluble carbohydrates?
starches and sugars
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What is an "essential" amino acid?
Must be provided in the diet because the horse is unable to produce enough for normal body function.
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What amino acids are most important in growing horses?
Lysine, threonine, methionine.
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What is the source of volatile fatty acids?
Insoluble carbs.
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Where is fat digested? Absorbed?
Both in the small intestine.
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Which vitamins are fat soluble? Water soluble?
Fat soluble: Vitamins A, D, E, and K.
Water soluble: vitamin B and C.
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Which ones are stored in higher amounts? (water or fat soluble)
fat soluble.
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Which ones may be toxic in high doses?
Fat soluble.
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Where are minerals absorbed?
Small intestine.
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What is the source of minerals in the diet?
In their food.
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Name the four most important minerals needed for proper bone growth.
Calcium, phosphorus, sodium, and chloride.
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What are trace minerals?
Micro-minerals
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What are concentrates? Roughages?
Concentrates: Grains and supplements.
Roughages: grasses and legumes
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Which groups of horses have the highest energy needs?
Broodmares, growing young horses, and many performance horses.
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What is a complication of obesity?
Laminitis, insulin resistance, and trouble breathing.
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What are the building blocks of proteins?
amino acids
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How can the protein content of pastures or hay be increased?
grain supplement
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Name a high quality concentrate used for protein supplementation.
Soybean meal
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What are the clinical signs of protein deficiency?
Decreased growth rate, general unthriftiness, poor muscle tone.
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What happens to excess protein if fed to horses?
Excreted in urine
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Explain the nitrogen cycle.
Nitrogen cycled from feeds to animal to soil back to feed.
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What causes big head disease?
Too much phosphorus.
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Are grains high in phosphorus or calcium?
Calcium
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Are legumes high in phosphorus or calcium?
calcium
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Which is higher in calcium- grasses or legumes?
legumes
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Do horses recognize they are deficient in minerals? Which ones?
Yes, only sodium.
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Name two problems caused by vitamin A deficiency.
Night blindness and respiratory infections.
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What is carotene?
Precursor for vitamin A. It is yellow-orange or green.
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Where does the horse get B vitamins?
Diet or manufactured in the cecum by cecal microbes.
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Why may processed feed be better for horses?
Enhance feed digestibility.
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How much better are processed feeds?
Increased fiber digestibility 10-15%
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How often should you feed a horse? why? what is natural for the horse?
- Two times daily.
- Easier for them to digest smaller meals.
- Eating all day
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What is the function of the urinary system, as a whole?
Maintaining water and electrolyte balance. collects and excretes waste.
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What is the functional unit of the kidney?
nephron
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What is glomerulus?
cluster of capillaries
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What is a Bowman's capsule?
a cup-like sac at the beginning of the tubular component of a nephron in the kidney that performs the first step in the filtration of blood to form urine.
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What blood components are removed by the kidneys?
sodium, calcium, potassium, water, ions, and sugars
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How much of the filtrate is reabsorbed?
65%
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Which hormones regulate kidney function?
Regulated by ADH and aldosterone.
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What is the function of ADH? What does ADH stand for?
Controls the release of water. Stands for anti-diuretic hormone.
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What is the function of aldosterone?
Conserves sodium and stimulates sodium reabsorption
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Why would it be important to conserve water?
Prevent dehydration
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Why would it be important to conserve sodium?
Because when they sweat they lose salt/sodium. electrolyte balance
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