-
What is a “heavy smoker” for nicotine transdermal patches?
More than 10 cigarrettes per day
-
What is a “light smoker” for nicotine transdermal patches?
10 or less cigarettes per day
-
What is the dosing of nicotine transdermal patches for a “heavy smoker”?
- 21mg patch for 6 weeks
- 14mg patch for 2 weeks
- 7mg patch for 2 weeks
-
What is the dosing of nicotine transdermal patches for a “light smoker”?
- 14mg patch for 6 weeks
- 7mg patch for 2 weeks
-
What are some common side effects of nicotine transdermal patches?
- Redness, itching, burning at site of patch
- Abnormal dreams
- Headaches
- GI symptoms
- Muscle joint aches/pains
-
Who should use the 4mg nicotine gum?
Patients that smoke 25 or more cigarettes/day
-
Who should use the 2mg nicotine gum?
Patients that smoke less than 25 cigarettes/day
-
What is the dosing of nicotine gum?
- 1 piece every 2 hours for first 6 weeks
- 1 piece every 2-4 hours for 3 weeks
- 1 piece every 4-8 hours for 3 weeks
-
What are some common side effects of nicotine gum?
- Mouth irritation
- Hiccups
- Dizziness
- Insomnia
- Headache
- Irritability
-
Who should use the 2mg nicotine lozenge?
People whose first cigarette is more than 30 minutes after waking
-
Who should use the 4mg nicotine lozenge?
People whose first cigarette is within 30 minutes of waking
-
What is the dosing of nicotine lozenges?
- 1 lozenge every 1-2 hours for 6 weeks
- 1 lozenge every 2-4 hours for 3 weeks
- 1 lozenge every 4-8 hours for 3 weeks
-
What is DRI?
Dietary reference intake
-
What is RDA?
Recommended dietary allowance
-
What is EAR?
Estimated average requirement
-
How is RDA calculated?
EAR + 2 standard deviations
-
What vitamins are water soluble?
- B-complex
- Ascorbic acid (vitamin C)
-
What vitamins are fat soluble?
D, E, A, K
-
What happens to excessive amounts of water soluble vitamins?
Excreted in urine
-
What happens to excessive amounts of fat soluble vitamins?
Stored in body tissue; toxicity is more likely than with water soluble
-
What forms of Vitamin D are there?
- D2=ergocalciferol
- D3= cholecalciferol
-
What is the purpose of vitamin D?
Bone and mineral homeostasis; role in maintaining phosphate and calcium levels
-
What conditions are present in people with a Vitamin D deficiency?
Rickets, osteoporosis, increased fracture risk
-
What is another name for Vitamin E?
Tocopherol
-
What is the purpose of Vitamin E?
Antioxidant; protects the integrity of biological membranes
-
What conditions are present in people with a Vitamin E deficiency?
Increased platelet aggregation, hemolytic anemia, decreased RBC survival
-
What can high doses of Vitamin E lead to?
Increased bleeding risk due to antagonism of Vitamin K-dependent clotting factors
-
What forms of Vitamin A are there?
Retinol; retinaldehyde; retinoic acid
-
What conditions are present in people with a Vitamin A deficiency?
Night blindness, Bitot’s spots, conjunctival xerosis
-
What are Bitot’s spots?
Superficial, irregularly-shaped patches that appear in the conjunctiva
-
What is the purpose of Vitamin K?
Promotes synthesis of clotting factors in the liver
-
What conditions might be present in someone with a Vitamin K deficiency?
Unusual bleeding and abnormal prothrombin time
-
What is the purpose of Vitamin C?
Antioxidant; aids collagen production; assists in iron absorption from food
-
What condition might be present in someone with a Vitamin C deficiency?
Scurvy
-
What are some signs of scurvy?
Bleeding gums, slow wound healing, loose teeth and mouth ulcerations
-
What is another name for B1?
Thiamin
-
What is another name for B2?
Riboflavin
-
What is another name for B3?
Niacin
-
What is another name for B5?
Pantothenic acid
-
What is another name for B6?
Pyridoxine
-
What is another name for B7?
Biotin
-
What is another name for B9?
Folic acid
-
What is another name for B12?
Cyanocobalamin
-
What is the purpose of thiamin?
Acetyl CoA formation; necessary for myocardial functions
-
What population commonly has a deficiency in thiamin?
Alcoholics
-
What is the purpose of riboflavin?
Involved in the cytochrome P-450 reductase enzyme system in the liver
-
What is the purpose of niacin?
Accept or donate hydrogen ions to aerobic reactions in all body cells
-
What condition is seen in people with a niacin deficiency?
Pellagra
-
What symptoms are commonly seen with pellagra?
- Dermatitis
- Dementia
- Diarrhea
-
Why might a person take niacin?
To lower triglycerides an LDL cholesterol
-
What is the purpose of pantothenic acid?
Precursor of CoA; important for cholesterol, steroid, and fatty acid synthesis
-
What is the purpose of pyridoxine?
Cofactor for more than 6- enzymes; important in production of heme and metabolism of homocysteine
-
What population(s) commonly have a pyridoxine deficiency?
Alcoholics, malabsorption conditions
-
What is the purpose of biotin?
Carbohydrate and fat metabolism
-
What is the purpose of folic acid?
DNA synthesis, RBC maturation
-
What population(s) commonly have a folic acid deficiency?
Alcoholics and malabsorption diseases
-
What condition can result in pregnant women with a folic acid deficiency?
Neural tube defects (spinal bifida, etc)
-
What is the purpose of B12?
Fat, protein, CHO metabolism
-
What four populations are at most risk for iron deficiency? Why?
- Childhood (iron in cow’s milk poorly absorbed)
- Adolescence (menses)
- During/after pregnancy (expanding blood volume, blood loss after birth)
- Geriatrics (inadequate diet, poor absorption, increased GI blood losses)
-
What are common side effects of iron products?
- Constipation
- GI upset
- Black, tarry stools
|
|
