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elecrolyte balance
- every biochemical reaction in the body is influenced by the pH of its fluid enviromnent
- acid base balance must be controlled
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acid
any electrolyte that releases hydrogen ions when dissolved in water
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base
any electrolyte that releases OH (hydroxide) ions when dissolved in water
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salt
any substance that releases ions when dissolved in water (not H or OH)
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non-electrolytes
- have covalent bonds that will not allow dissassociation when in solution
- no charge (do not release H or OH)
- usually organic molecules
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electrolytes
dissassociates or ionizes in solution (has a charge)
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functions of electrolytes
- carry electrical current
- control osmosis
- maintain acid/base balance
- generate APs
- muscle contraction
- hormone secretion
- neurotransmitter release
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extracellular fluid
- fluid outside of the cell
- high protein count
- cation - Na+
- anion - Cl-
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intracellular fluid
- fluid inside the cell
- small amts of Na+ and Cl-
- cation - K+
- anion - PO4-
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dehydration
water loss exceeds intake
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edema
excessive accumulation of fluid leading to tissue swelling
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hypotonic hydration
- aka water intoxication
- extreme intake of fluid causing coma and/or death
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Na+
- 90% of ECF
- conducts APs
- contracts muscle
- releases neurotransmitters
- regulates water balance
- excess Na+ into kidney
- levels regulated by ADH and ALD
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hyponatremia
- low sodium levels
- confusion, coma, death
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hypernatremia
- high sodium levels
- thirst, fatigue, agitation
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K+
- most abundant ion in ICF
- maintain fluid volume
- conducting APs
- influences pH
- abnormal levels cause cardiac issues
- levels regulated by ALD - ALD secreted in response to high potassium - K+ moves into tubule
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Cl-
- major ion in ECF
- controlled by ALD (moves with Na+)
- forms Hcl to control pH of gastric juices
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Ca++
- most abundant ion in the body
- muscle contraction
- blood clotting
- bone formation
- neurotransmitter release
- levels regulated by parathyroid and calcitonin
- parathyroid - released when levels low - causes osteoclasts to breakdown bown and release calcium
- calcitonin - released when levels high - causes osteoblasts to remove excess and deposit in bone
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phosphate
- intracellular
- nerve/muscle function
- backbone of nucleic acids
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magnesium
- intracellular (2nd)
- activates enzymes responsible for CHO and protein metabolism
- triggers Na+/K+ pump
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buffer systems
- weak acids and weak bases
- prevent rapid changes in pH
- change strong acids to weak acids/strong bases to weak bases
- carbonic acid and bicarb system
- phosphate system
- protein system
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carbonic acid/bicarb system
- bicarb ions act as weak base
- combine with strong acid with a weak acid
- regulates blood pH
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phosphate buffer system
maintains urine pH, filtrate pH, cytoplasm pH
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protein buffer system
- most important/abundant in plasma and cells
- proteins buffer acids and bases
- amphoteric
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respiratory acidosis
- increase in PC02
- pH drops - excess H+ ions
- caused by hypoventilation (emphysema or resp trauma) - decreased breathing
- compensation: kidneys secrete H+ ions or reabsorb bicarb ions
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respiratory alkalosis
- decrease in PC02
- pH rises - excess HCO3- ions
- caused by hyperventilation (oxygen deficiency, resp diseases, anxiety) - increased breathing
- compensation: kidneys reabsorb H+ ions or secrete bicarb ions
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metabolic acidosis
- decrease in bicarb
- pH drops - excess HCO3- ions
- caused by diarrhea or kidney dysfunction
- compensation: hyperventilation to increase CO2 loss/increase pH
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metabolic alkalosis
- increase in bicarb
- pH rises - excess H+ ions
- caused by excess vomiting, gastric suctioning, alkaline meds
- compensation - hypoventilation to decrease CO2 loss/decrease pH
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