Biology Exam 2

Cell

• Lower SA:Vol. ratio: big size and low efficiency
• Higher SA:Vol. ratio: small size, higher efficiency

• Central vacuole
• Chloroplasts
• Cell wall

• Lysosome
• Centriole
• flagella (sometimes)

big complex structure, has nucleus and organelles

small, simple structure, no membrane-bound organelles.

• nucleoid
• cell wall
• flagella

clump of nucleic acids

holds genetic material (nucleic acids)

studded with ribosomes that synthesize protein (rough= ribosomes)

no ribosomes; makes lipids

modifies proteins and lipids, ships them within the cell and exports outside the cell.

membrane covered transport packages

contain lytic enzymes that digest large molecules, recycle cellular resources, and can program cell death

similar to lysosomes, but in plants

large membranous sacs for storage and breakdown

plants only; stores water, nutrients, pigments and waste

plants only; converts light energy to chemical energy (photosynthesis), green due to chlorophyll

converts energy from food to usable energy for cell (cellular respiration)

maintain cell shape, assists in movement

gell-like filling of cell

• 1) phospholipid bilayer: fluidy portion
• 2) cholesterol: balances out fluidity of phospholipid bilayer
• 3) membrane porteins: mosaic part

Hydrophilic heads (phosphate) and hydrophobic tails (fatty acid tails); is selectively permeable

stiffens the membrane

• doesn't require ATP
• goes with concentration gradient (high to low)
• can require a carrier protein (facilitated transport)

• requires ATP
• goes against concentration gradient (low to high)
• requires a protein powered by ATP

movement of small nonpolar molecules

movement of water

movement of ions, amino acids, glucose, and water

proteins that help transport water

ability of a solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water

concentration in and of the cell is the same

concentration outside of cell is greater than inside; waters flows into cell

concentration inside cell is greater than outside; water flows out of cell

movement of BIG molecules through vesicles

membrane-assisted transport out of cell

membrane-assisted transport into cell

the capacity to do work

energy of motion; mechanical

stored energy; chemical

energy can't be created or destroyed, but it can be changed from one form to another

when energy is changed from one form to another, there is a loss of usable energy; waste energy goes to increase disorder

sum of cellular chemical reactions

release energy out

absorbe energy in

reactants that bind to enzymes

energy needed to start a reaction

• enzymes are specific for 1 substrate/reaction
• 1:1 match, enzymes named after substrate
• are recyclable

enzymes are pH sensitive and will only work in certain pH's

help enzymes work better

makes enzyme work worse

blocks area where substrate should go on enzyme

binds to enzyme at the allosteric site

the end product of a pathway inhibits the pathway's first enzyme

1

• 6CO₂ + 6H₂O --(light)--> C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂

little pores on underside of leaf to help CO₂ to enter the plant

fleshy part of leaft

discs in chloroplasts filled with chlorophyll

fluid filling in chloroplast

Light reaction and Calvin cycle

electron carrier and coenzyme

gain electrons

lose electrons

• Lose Electron: Oxidation
• Gain Electron: Reduction

3 carbon sugar used to make glucose (1/2 of glucose)

energy molecule

enzyme that makes ATP

• 1) capture light energy w/ chlorophyll which excites and electron (released)
• 2) water splits to replace lost electron and produces oxygen
• 3) excited electron passed down ETC
• 4) create H⁺ gradient (active transport)
• 5) NADP⁺ accepts electrons to become NADPH
• 6) produce ATP

Stroma

• 1) incorporate/fix CO₂
• 2) use up NADPH and ATP
• 3) make G₃P

they connect the light reaction and Calvin cycle

a wasteful process that produces no ATP or sugars

different arrangement of cells and different carbon molecules in Calvin cycle

different schedule, only open stomata at night

• provides rapid burst of ATP
• regenerates NAD⁺ for glycolysis

C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ ----> 6CO₂ + 6H₂O

both

mitochondria

• 1) Glycolysis: cytoplasm
• prep reaction
• 2) Citric Acid cycle: mitochondrion
• 3) ETC: inside inner mitochondrial membrane (fold)

glucose splits in half ---> 2 pyruvates (3 carbon sugars) ----> make NADH, ATP (electron carrier)

pyruvate ----> Acetyl-CoA (2 carbon molecule), then enters mitochondria

• 1) Acetyl-CoA enters cycle
• 2) Carbons gained, lost, and modified
• 3) Yeild ATP, NADH, FADH₂

• ^{1) NADH oxidized ----> NAD+}
• FADH₂ oxidized ----> FAD⁺
• 2) electrons passed down ETC
• 3) create H₊ gradient
• 4) O₂ accepts electron ----> H₂O
• 5) produce ATP (a lot!) couple H⁺ gradient w/ ATP synthase

NADH and FADH

ETC

• no final electron acceptor in ETC
• NADH can't recycle back to NAD⁺
• glycolysis stops because NAD⁺ is required

• Lactic acid: muscle cells
• Ethanol: yeast cells