Chemistry Ch. 9 Vocab

the chemical bond that results from the sharing of valence electrons

formed when two or more atoms bond covalently

use electron-dot diagrams to show how electrons are arranged in molecules (H-H)

single covalent bond; occurs when the electron pair is shared in an area centered between the two atoms

multiple covalent bond; formed when parallel orbitals overlap to share electrons

the distance between the two bonding nuclei at the position of maximum attraction; determined by the size of the atoms and how many electron pairs are shared--as the number of shared electron pairs increases, bond length decreases

the amount of energy required to break a specific covalent bond

occurs when a greater amount of energy is required to break the existing bonds in the reactants than is released when the new bonds form in the product molecules (cold)

occurs when more energy is released forming new bonds than is required to break bonds in the initial reactants (hot)

contains hydrogen and one other element

a polyatomic ion that contains oxygen

any acid that contains hydrogen and an oxyanion

a molecular model that uses letter symbols and bonds to show relative positions of atoms

a condition that occurs when more than one valid Lewis structure can be written for a molecule and ion

the two or more correct Lewis structures that represent a single molecule or ion

forms when one atom donates a pair of electrons to be shared with an atom or ion that needs two electrons to become stable

compounds that have central atoms that contain more than eight valence electrons; occurs with elements in period three or higher

Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion model; based on an arrangement that minimizes the repulsion of shared and unshared pairs of electrons around the central atom; used to determine molecular shape

the angle formed by any two terminal atoms and the central atom

a process in which atomic orbitals are mixed to form new, identical hybrid orbitals; each hybrid orbital contains one electron that it can share with another atom; carbon does this the most

a measure of the tendency of an atom to accept an electron; increases as the atomic number increases within a period and decreases as the atomic number increases within a group

results from unequal sharing because of a difference in electronegativity

weak forces of attraction between individual molecules; weaker than the bonds that join atoms in a molecule or ions in an ionic compound