IS 352 Test 2

method that is used to separate the parts of a mixture

the visual output of the chromatography

smaller amount, is dissolved

largest amount, does the dissolving

the movement of a liquid along the surface of a solid caused by the attraction of molecules of the liquid to the molecules of the solid

when an attractive force exists between two unlike materials, such as a liquid and a solid

the mutual attractive force that exists between like molecules

a combination of 2 or more substances that are physically mixed - parts keep their own characteristics

The movement starts as adhesion, where the water particles are attracted to the paper particles, then as cohesion, where the water trails along the path by a strong attraction between the water molecules themselves.

The water moved from the middle of the coffee filter to the edges of the coffee filter first by adhesion then cohesion. As the water moved it separated the color mixture that made up the different black markers. Each marker company uses a different mixture of colors to create black. Some of the circles showed blue, green, and brown colors. Some didn't change at all. The black marker is a solution and the chemicals are the pigments. Some are water soluble and some are not. The further out the water traveled the easier it is to break apart the mixture. This is why you will see the brighter colors towards the outside of the coffee filter.

• Sour taste i.e. citrus fruit, vinegar
• If dissolved in water (aqueous solution) (HCl) added to metals, metal will dissolve and hydrogen gas is released (corrosive)
• If aqueous solution (HCl) it will change the color of litmus paper from blue to red
• When acids react with bases they form salt and water
• Acid will neutralize a base
• Electrolytes - will conduct electricity when dissolved in water - has free ions
• pH of <7

• bitter taste
• feel slippery i.e. bar of soap
• in aqueous solutions will turn litmus from red to blue
• react with an acid to form salt and water
• electrolyes - has free ions
• very corrosive

• any substance that is a proton acceptor when it is dissolved in water
• will produce hydroxide ions
• generally consists of a metal and one or more hydroxide groups

• any substance that is a proton donor when it's dissolved in water
• positive hydrogen ions quickly surrounded by a water molecule end up with hydronium ion => H₃0 or H⁺

a water molecule with an extra hydrogen ion attached to it (H₂O + H⁺=H₃O⁺). It's usually used to determine the acidity of a chemical compound.

consists of an oxygen atom and a hydrogen atom that are covalently bonded to each other. the net charge of a hydroxide ion is -1. In chemical notation, a hydroxide ion is indicated as OH-. Compounds that contain hydroxides usually use ionic bonds.

any ionic compound formed from the reactions between a base and an acid called a neutralization reaction between the hydronium ions and the hydroxide ions. Does not taste bitter or sour, no reaction with litmus, soluble in water

when a strong acid and a strong base solution are mixed, a neutralization reaction occurs, and the products do not have characteristics of either acids or bases. Instead, a neutral salt and water are formed.

• a measure of the hydronium ion concentration of a solution
• 0-14
• 7 neutral
• >7 = base
• <7 = acid

a weak acid and a weak base that work together to counter shifts in pH

a weak acid with the formula H₂CO₃. It is formed in small amounts when carbon dioxide is dissolved in water, and it is usually only found in solution.

Rain with a pH of 5.5-4.0. In the atmosphere the sulfuric acid is much stronger than the carbonic acid.

20 million tons of sulfur dioxide is released into the atmosphere due to the burning of fossil fuels, petroleum, coal and natural gas.

• Forests
• destroys leaves
• leaches nutrients and causes trees to go into distress
• Lakes
• fish populations can't survive
• Building materials
• acid will eat away marble and limestone
• Crops
• yield and quality has declined due to acid rain

• carpool
• solar energy
• find other sources of energy such as wind energy

Using red cabbage leaves and rubbing alcohol, we mad an indicator. When mixed in ammonia the solution turned green, and when mixed in vinegar the solution turned pink. All but baking soda which is a base, tap water which is usually neutral and distilled water which is neutral were acids.

When blowing through the straw into the phenol red and water mixture the accumulation of CO₂ from your breath causes a decrease of pH by combining with water to create carbonic acid. Releases hydrogen ions, which react with phenol red causing the mixture to turn yellow.

a type of indicator like litmus

• have a structural role - provides a certain shape to a cell
• serve as an immediate form of energy which can be transported to other places in the body
• stored energy

• 1. monosaccharide
• a. simple sugars
• b. 1 sugar unit
• c. soluble in water
• d. sweet tasting
• e. glucose, fructose, galactose, ribose, deoxyribose
• 2. disaccharide
• a. short chain of only 2 monosaccharides
• b. dehydration synthesis - a water molecule is eliminated which allows 2 monosaccharides to combine
• c. sucrose, lactose, maltose
• 3. polysaccharide
• a. branching chains of monosaccharides
• b. complex carbs
• c. cellulose - (walls of plants) main food source for herbivores, termites, fiber for humans, no calories
• d. starch - (used to store energy in plants) during digestion turns to glucose when body has more than it needs it turns to glycogen
• e. glycogen - storage form of glucose in animal tissue - when used turns to glucose for immediate energy
• f. chitin - main structural materials in exoskeletons

• greasy, oily hydrocarbon linked together by non-polar covalent bonds, very hydrophobic
• energy storage, cell membrane development and serves as a component of hormones and vitamins in the body

• 1. true fats
• a. solid - saturated fat - get from animals, at room temp. this fat tends to be solid
• b. liquid - unsaturated fat - plant fats, liquid at room temp. i.e. olive oil and corn oil
• 2. phospholipids
• a. water insoluble, organic molecule
• b. main component of cell membrane (phospholipid bilayer)
• c. made up of phosphate group - 2 fatty acid tails and a hydrophilic head
• 3. steroid
• a. found in cell membranes cholesterol
• 4. waxes
• a. fatty acid chains
• b. firm yet pliable i.e. cherry covering
• c. cuticle (waxy coating) on fruit that helps it preserve water
• d. lubricates skin and hair on animals, and coating on duck feathers

• A polymer made of monomers known as amino acids - the building blocks for proteins
• messenger, transport, structural, enzyme

• see review
• central carbon with an R group that determines the type of amino acid

peptide bond - small chain covalent bond joins 1 amino acid to another

20 different amino acids differentiated by R group. R group determines type of amino acid. 8 are essential amino acids - our body cannot make them, we get them from what we eat

• molecules that store and transfer info within a cell, originally found in nucleus
• DNA - deoxyribonucleic acid
• RNA - ribonucleic acid

• DNA - double helix
• RNA - single chain

• 1. Structure
• DNA - double helix
• RNA - single chain
• 2. Sugars
• DNA - deoxyribose
• RNA - ribose
• 3. Bases
• DNA - thymine
• RNA - uracil

• Nitrogenous bases
• Adenine
• Thymine
• Cytosine
• Guanine
• Uracil

• DNA Pairings - hydrogen bond between the pairs
• AT CG GC TA

• RNA Pairings
• AU CG GC UA

• Iodine tests for starch
• Benedict's Reagent tests for simple sugars

an enzyme found in saliva that breaks down starch and sugars into simple sugars

• Oxygen - 65%
• Carbon - 18%
• Hydrogen - 10%
• Nitrogen - 3%

2/3

• Carbohydrates - 55-60%
• Lipids - 30%
• Proteins - 15-20%
• 20 total proteins - 8 essential

• an organic substance, not an energy source, and will help carry out cellular metabolism
• 13 vitamins - 2 categories
• water soluble - need to be replenished daily
• fat soluble - stored in fatty tissue, don't need to be replenished as often

an inorganic substance needed for normal growth and maintenance

• Incomplete - a sack-like gut with only one opening, same mouth and anus i.e. flat worm
• Complete - one long tube with two openings, mouth on one end and anus on the other, food moves in one direction i.e. human

To break down food into smaller parts so the body can use them for energy and cell nourishment.

• Mouth (teeth - mechanical breakdown, saliva - chemical breakdown) food leaves as bolus ->
• Pharnyx - a thick-walled muscular tube, opening to the esophagus ->
• Esophagus - bolus moves down the esophagus to the stomach ->
• Stomach - bolus spends 2-6 hours here - leaves as chyme and moves to the small intestine ->
• Small Intestine - chyme moves into the small intestine which is broken up into 3 sections, duodenum, jejunum & ileum. Whatever is left moves on to the large intestine ->
• Large Intestine - where the water is removed and reabsorbed to prevent dehydration, feces is formed, moves to the rectum and out the anus ->
• Rectum ->
• Anus

• Salivary amylase - breaks down starch and sugars into simple sugars
• Pepsin - starts the breakdown of protein, breaks peptide bonds

a soft ball of food that has been broken down in the mouth and will move through the esophagus to the stomach

a semi-fluid mixture of partially digested food after it has been broken down by gastric acid in the stomach and is moving to the small intestine

a wave-like movement of the esophagus that moves the bolus to the stomach

indigestible material in the large intestine

indigestible material of cellulose

finger-like protrusions that line the small intestine and increase the surface area of the small intestine for better absorption of nutrients

smaller finger-like protrusions that line the villi

small intestine

Produce and secrete bile that helps digest fats in the small intestine

• completes the job of breaking down protein, carbohydrates, and fats using digestive juices of pancreas combined with juices from the intestines
• Secretes hormones that affect the level of sugar in the blood
• Produces chemicals that neutralize stomach acids that pass from the stomach into the small intestine by using substances in pancreatic juice

The gall bladder stores bile secreted by the liver

Calcium, Iron & Iodine

• Scurvy - Vitamin C deficient
• Beriberi - Vitamin B₁ deficient
• Pellagra - Vitamin B₃ deficient
• Blindness - Vitamin A deficient
• Rickets - Vitamin D deficient