Chapter 45

any hormone produced and released by neurons; ex: Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH, Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), Adrenocorticotropin-releasing hormone, Oxytocin, Antidiuretic hormone (ADH), Epinephrine

the nervous system is fast, localized, and short in duration; used for BOTH voluntary & involuntary functions

endocrine system is slower, can be widespread, and lasts for a long duration because molecules aren't broken down right away; used ONLY for involuntary activity

form of signaling in which a cell secretes a hormone or chemical messenger that binds to autocrine receptors on the same cell

steroid hormones and iodine-containing hormones of the thyroid gland; can diffuse through membranes and reach receptors located IN target cells (receptors are usually in cytoplasm or nucleus); made by adrenal glands and gonads; some local regulators (small molecules); work by activating genes/transcription

polypeptide, protein, and most amino acid hormones (neurotransmitters, neurohormones, and some local regulators) bind to a receptor protein on the plasma membrane of the cell which triggers ion channel openings and the production of a second messengers (cAMP or IP3)

hormone can be the same, as can be the receptor, but organ response can be different; ex. epinephrine causes blood vesseles of skeletal muscles to dilate, but intestinal blood vessel to constrict

ductless glands; they don’t have tube connecting/conducting the hormones to some surface; control long term functions and responses, like metabolism, growth, reproduction

hormones that target other endocrine glands; most are produced/secreted by the anterior pituitary; include TSH, ACTH/corticotropin, LH, FSH, and GH (both tropic and non-tropic)

extension of the hypothalamus (connected to it by neurons); stores and secretes ADH (vasopressin, anti-diuretic hormone) and oxytocin, both neurohormones made by the hypothalamus

regulated BY hormones released by the hypothalamus; tropic hormones: TSH/thyrotropin, ACTH, Gonadotropins (GN), FSH, & luteinizing hormone (LH); Non-tropic hormones: Growth hormone, & prolactin

peptide regulated by the nervous system that stimulates the contraction of the uterus/mammary gland cells; comes from posterior pituitary

peptide regulated by water/salt balance that promotes retention of water by kidneys!; comes from posterior pituitary

protein hormone regulated by hypothalamic hormones that stimulates growth (especially bones) and metabollic functions; comes form anterior pituitary

protein hormone regulated by hypothalamic hormones that stimulates milk production and secretion; comes from anterior pituitary

glycoprotein hormone controlled by hypothalamic hormones that stimulates the production of ova and sperm; comes from anterior pituitary

glycoprotein hormone controlled by hypothalamic hormones that stimulates the the ovaries and testes; comes from anterior pituitary

glycoprotein hormone controlled by hypothalamic hormones that stimulate the thyroid glands; comes from anterior pituitary

peptide hormone controlled by hypothalamic that stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete gluco and mineralocorticoids; comes from anterior pituitary

amine hormone regulated by TSH that stimulates and maintains metabolic processes; made by the thyroid gland

peptide hormone regulated by calcium in blood that LOWERS the blood calcium level; secreted by the thyroid gland

peptide hormone controlled by calcium in the blood that RAISES blood calcium level; secreted by the parathyroid gland

protein hormone regulated by glucose in the blood that LOWERS blood glucose levels (aka produces glucose storage as glycogen in liver and muscle cells); secreted by the pancreas

protein hormone regulated by glucose in the blood that RAISES blood glucose levels (aka breaks down glycogen in muscle/liver cells); secreted by the pancreas

amines that are regulated by the nervous system that RAISE blood glucose level, increase metaboic activities, but constrict intestinal blood vessels; secreted by the adrenal medulla

steroid hormones that are controled by ACTH and K+ in blood/angoitensin II individually; raise blood glucose level and promotes reabsorption of Na+ and excretion of K+ in kidneys secreted by adrenal cortex

steroid hormone that is regulated by FSH and LH that supports sperm formation; promote development and maintenance of male secondary sex characteristics

steroid hormone that is regulated by FSH and LH that stimulate uterine lining; promote development and maintenance of gemale secondary sex characteristics; secreted by the ovaries

steroid hormone that is regulated by FSH and LH that promote uterine lining growth

amine hormone regulated by light/dark cycles; involved in biological rhythms; secreted by the pineal gland

autoimmune disorder where the immune system destroys the beta cells of the pancreas and therefore a person's ability to make insulin; treatment = insulin injections

failure of target cells to respond normally to insulin