A&P_Chapter_2

Smallest units of matter; they consist of protons, neutrons, & electrons. (nanometers)

Chemical structures that contain more than one atom bonded together by shared electrons.

Atoms or molecules that have an electric charge.

Ions with a negative charge.

Ions with a positive charge.

Is an organic molecule that contains carbon, hydrogen, & oxygen in a ratio near 1:2:1.

Inorganic compounds whose ions can conduct an electrical current in solution. (salt)

Subatomic particles that are contained in atoms. Much lighter than protons and have a negative electrical charge.

Speed up & or reduce the harsh energy or pH requirements normally required for certain reactions that support life. (Catalysts)

• 1) Contain carbon, hydrogen, & oxygen.
• 2) May contain small quantities of other elements, including phosphorus, nitrogen or sulfur.
• 3) Most are insoluble in water, but special transport mechanisms carry them in the circulating blood.
• 4) Form essential structural components of all cells.
• 5) Provide 2x as much energy carbs when broken down in the body.

• 1) Contain carbon, hydrogen, & oxygen.
• 2) May contain small quantities of other elements, including phosphorus, nitrogen or sulfur.
• 3) Most are insoluble in water, but special transport mechanisms carry them in the circulating blood.
• 4) Form essential structural components of all cells.
• 5) Provide 2x as much energy carbs when brocken down in the body.

• 1) determines our inherited characteristics
• 2) encode the information needed to build proteins → affects all aspects of body structure & function
• 3) directs synthesis of structural proteins → controls shape & physical characteristics of our bodies
• 4) controls manufacture of enzymes → regulates protein synthesis & all aspects of cellular metabolism (creation & destruction of lipids, carbohydrates, & other vital molecules)

• ribonucleic acid
• Several forms cooperate to manufacture specific proteins uning the information provided by DNA.

• 1) contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen; smaller quantities of sulfur may be present
• 2) most abundant organic components of the human body & in many ways the most important
• 3) at least 400K different kinds & account for 20% of body weight
• 4) long chains of organic molecules called amino acids

• 1) support
• 2) movement
• 3) transport
• 4) buffering
• 5) metabolic regulation
• 6) coordination, communication, & control
• 7) defense

• 1) human body contains significant quantities of 20 that are the building blocks of proteins
• 2) consist of a central carbon atom bonded to a hydrogen atom, an amino acid group
• 3) name refers to the presence of the amino group & the carboxylic acid group, which all amino acids have in common

Subatomic particles that are contained in atoms. Similar size to neutrons and have a positive electrical charge.

When hydroxide ions (OH-) are plentiful hydrogen ions (H+) are more scarce making body pH high (more alkaline). Conversely when hydrogen ions (H+) are plentiful hydroxide ions (OH-) are more scarce making boyd pH low (more acidic).

Any substance that breaks apart in solution to release hydrogen ions.

A substance that removes hydrogen ions from a solution.

Compounds that stabilize pH by either removing or replacing hydrogen ions. (Antacids)

They surround the nucleus & consist of electrons. The number of electrons in the outermost electron shell determines an atoms chemical properties.

Results from the attraction between ions--- atoms that have gained or lost electrons.

• 1) Na+ (sodium)
• 2) K+ (potassium)
• 3) Ca2+ (calcium)
• 4) Mg2+ (magnesium)

• 1) CI- (chloride)
• 2) HCO3 - (bicarbonate)
• 3) HPO4 2- (biphosphate)
• 4) SO4 2- (sulfate)"

Means atoms can fill their outer electron shells by sharing electrons with other atoms.

The sharing of one pair of electrons.

The sharing of two pair of electrons.

An unequal sharing of electrons. Forms polar molecule and one atom has a slight negative charge while the other a slight positive charge.

Refers to all of the chemical reactions in the body.

New chemical bonds form between atoms or existing bonds between atoms are broken to form different substances, or products.

Refers to the decomposition reactions of complex molecules within cells. When a covalent bond is broken it releases kinetic energy that can perform work.

Synthesis of new compounds in the body. Because it takes energy to create a chemical bond, anabolism is usually an "uphill" process. This energy is provided by catabolism.

The amount of energy required to start a reaction.