Which of the following statements best describes "deoxygenated" blood?
It has lost some of its oxygen to the body's tissues.
Which of the following statements about blood circulation in fish is true?
Valves in the heart prevent blood from entering more than one chamber at a time.
True or false. At the systemic capillary beds in fish, oxygen is released to the cells, which pass carbon dioxide to the blood; this carbon dioxide will eventually be released from the fish at the gill capillary bed.
True
Which artery supplies the frog's head with oxygenated blood?
Carotid arch
Which of the following statements best describes the function of the left side of the ventricle?
It pumps oxygenated blood around the body via the systemic circuit.
True or false. In frogs, blood flows through the pulmocutaneous circuit between the heart and the lungs and skin and through the systemic circuit between the heart and the rest of the body.
True
Which of the following statements best describes the function of the left ventricle?
it pumps oxygenated blood around the body via the systemic circulation
Which of the following statements about blood circulation in humans is true?
During one cardiac cycle, the two ventricles contract first, and then the two atria contract.
Deoxygenated blood flowing through the pulmonary veins is carried to the right atrium.
As the right ventricle contracts, it sends oxygenated blood through the aorta to all tissues of the body.
Valves prevent the backflow of blood into the atria and ventricles.
Valves prevent the backflow of blood into the atria and ventricles.
True or false. The circulatory system of humans is composed of two loops: the systemic circulation, in which blood flows between the heart and lungs, and the pulmonary circulation, in which blood flows between the heart and the rest of the body.
False
Which of the following vessels distributes oxygen-rich (oxygenated) blood from the heart to the body in humans?
capillary bed
vein
aorta
vena cava
aorta
The wall of the left ventricle is thicker than the wall of the right ventricle in order to:
pump blood with greater pressure
Blood that flows through the pulmonary veins will be carried to the:
left atrium
The pulmonary semilunar valve opens:
when the ventricles contract
The role of the atrioventricular valves in the heart is:
to allow blood to flow from the atria into the ventricles and to prevent the blood from flowing back into the atria while the ventricles contract.
Deoxygenated blood is delivered to the heart through:
the superior and inferior vena cavae
Which of the following statements accurately describes the circulatory systems of fish and giraffes?
Gravity does not affect aquatic animals because their bodies are supported by water, but it has profound effects on terrestrial species.
Which of the following describes a system in which fluid is pumped through open-ended vessels, where it is allowed to flow out among the cells and there is no distinction between blood and interstitial fluid
open circulatory system
Which of the following have a single-circuit system of circulating blood?
fish
Which of the following accurately describes double circulation?
Blood is vigorously pumped between the heart and lungs and from the heart to the rest of the body.
The role of ventricles is to _____
pump blood to arteries
The aorta receives _____ blood from the _____.
oxygen-rich … left ventricle
During the diastole phase of the cardiac cycle, _____.
the atrioventricular valves are open and the semilunar valves are closed
Cardiac output is a measure of _____
the volume of blood per minute pumped from the left ventricle
During a heartbeat, the AV node _____.
delays the signal from the pacemaker to cardiac muscle fiber
Atherosclerosis is _____
the accumulation of plaques or cholesterol along the inner walls of arteries, causing a narrowing of the blood vessels
Which of the following has/have the highest blood pressure?
the aorta
You are studying a vessel with a smooth muscle layer and valves. What kind of vessel could this be?
vein
Which of the following would be considered to be indicative of hypertension?
120/110
Precapillary sphincters _____
regulate the distribution of blood
Why do water and solutes leave capillaries at the arterial end
Blood pressure is greater than osmotic pressure at the arterial end.
What process are leukocytes involved in
fighting infections
Which of the following is an example of a condition that could lead to anemia
excessive undetected blood loss
A blood clot consists of _____.
fibrin, platelets, and blood cells
A thrombus is a _____.
clot that forms in the absence of injury and travels, causing a block in another artery
Why do leukemia patients sometimes need a bone marrow transplant?
If the patient does not respond to standard chemotherapy and radiation treatments, a bone marrow transplant is another treatment option.
In which of the following animals are blood and interstitial fluid the same
grasshopper
Which of the following best describes an artery?
Arteries carry blood away from the heart.
list the correct order of blood flow?
right atrium, right ventricle, pulmonary artery, lungs, pulmonary vein, left atrium, left ventricle
Which statement regarding the direction of blood flow and the oxygen content of blood vessels is true?
Pulmonary veins carry oxygen-rich blood to the heart.
In which of the following are you likely to find oxygen-rich blood?
aorta
During ventricular systole, blood flows _____.
from the left ventricle into the aorta, and from the right ventricle into the pulmonary arteries
What is the function of the AV node?
The AV node relays the signal for cardiac muscle contraction to the ventricles.
Which of the following have valves?
veins
Blood pressure is lowest in _____.
the venae cavae
How do oxygen and carbon dioxide cross capillary walls?
diffusion
What process are leukocytes involved in?
fighting infections
Why do leukemia patients sometimes need a bone marrow transplant?
If the patient does not respond to standard chemotherapy and radiation treatments, a bone marrow transplant is another treatment option.
Which of the following organisms has an open circulatory system?
insect
whale
fish
cat
lizard
fish
Which animal has a closed circulatory system?
Hydra
fish
snail
beetle
crayfish
fish
Urine formed by a kidney collects in the _____ before being drained from the kidney by the _____ and transported to the _____.
renal pelvis ... ureter ...urinary bladder
The _____ are the major blood vessels transporting blood to the kidneys.
renal arteries
The outer part of the kidney is the _____.
cortex
What is the functional unit of a kidney?
nephron
Which best describes the function of the kidneys?
filtering blood, removing wastes and regulating water balance
__________ are the functional units of the kidney
Nephrons
The active movement of ions and drugs from capillaries into tubules is called
secretion
If you are dehydrated, ___________would increase in your kidneys.
reabsorption
What would potentially be hindered by the presence of a kidney stone located where urine exits the kidney?
excretion
Under the influence of antidiuretic hormone (ADH), _____ is produced.
more concentrated urine
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) makes the _____ permeable to water.
collecting duct
The movement of substances out of the glomerulus and into Bowman's capsule is referred to as _____.
filtration
What is reabsorbed from filtrate?
sodium chloride
glucose
water
amino acids
As filtrate moves down the loop of Henle, the surrounding interstitial fluid becomes _____ concentrated than the filtrate, so _____ leaves the filtrate.
more ... water
The most abundant solute in urine is _____.
urea (and other nitrogenous wastes)
Glucose is removed from filtrate by _____.
active transport
The movement of substances from the blood into the proximal tubule is known as ____
secretion
Where does fertilization of an egg cell occur?
oviduct
Which hormone spikes midway through the menstrual cycle and triggers ovulation?
Luteinizing hormone (LH
True or false. The corpus luteum develops from the ruptured follicle during the luteal phase after ovulation and produces hormones that can aid in pregnancy.
True
True or false. During sperm maturation, secondary spermatocytes are the products of meiosis II that go on to form spermatids, which undergo restructuring to form spermatozoa.
false
Which male reproductive structures are responsible for the transport and delivery of sperm?
Vas deferens, urethra, and penis
What events does NOT occur during human fertilization?
Enzymes on the outside of the sperm break down the follicle cells surrounding the egg
A fertilized egg usually implants itself and develops in the _____.
Uterus
A rapid increase in the _____ level stimulates ovulation.
luteinizing hormone
After ovulation, high levels of _____ inhibit _____ secretion
If there is fertilization, secretion of _____ by the early embryo maintains the corpus luteum.
human chorionic gonadotropin
If there is no fertilization, degeneration of the corpus luteum results in a drop in _____, which results in the sloughing off of the uterus's endometrium.
estrogen and progesterone
Ovulation usually occurs on or about day _____ of a 28-day ovarian cycle.
14
Gametogenesis is to spermatogenesis and oogenesis as _____________________.
gonads are to testes and ovaries
Which of the following options lists cell types in the correct order of their appearance during spermatogenesis?
What is a similarity between spermatogenesis and oogenesis?
both involve meiosis and the production of haploid cells
The completion of meiosis II during oogenesis occurs at ______________.
fertilization
During oogenesis, polar bodies _____________.
are discarded.
Which of the following terms describes the embryonic cell divisions that occur without cell growth in mammals?
Cleavage
True or false. Early animal development progresses through distinct stages: first the production of the zygote through fertilization, then cleavage, then the formation of the gastrula, and then the formation of the blastula.
FALSE
WHAT Primate groups is most closely related to hominids?
apes
_____ are the oldest known primate group.
Prosimiens
The primates that spend the most time walking upright are the _____.
Homioids
Which of these anthropoid groups consists of primates who are mostly tree dwellers and whose forelimbs and hind limbs are about equal in length?
monkeys
Which of these primate groups lives in trees in Central and South America and have nostrils that are wide open and far apart?
New world monkeys
Geckos are able to walk up walls and across ceilings because of
the many setae on their toes that form molecular bonds with the wall and ceiling surface.
The connection between structure and ________ is a basic concept of biology.
function
Some animals have evolved a body form that allows them to run very fast, while others run more slowly. Whereas a cheetah can run at speeds over 50 mph, an elephant can barely run at 15 mph. The most important physical factor behind this variance is the difference in speed?
the ratio of muscle to their total body mass.
Structure in the living world is organized into hierarchical levels. Which of the following lists these from least inclusive to most inclusive?
molecule, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism
Which of the following is an example of a tissue?
heart muscle
Stratified squamous epithelium is well-suited for
lining body surfaces subject to abrasion.
The most common type of connective tissue in the human body is
loose connective tissue.
Which of the following tissues would likely be found in the small intestine?
nervius tussue
What happens to nutrient macromolecules in an animal's digestive tract?
Nutrient macromolecules are digested into monomers before absorption.
An animal digestive tract that consists of two openings (a mouth and anus) is called
alimentary canal
Human saliva performs all of the following functions except
hydrolyzing proteins.
The epiglottis is a
lap of cartilage that flips down to cover the entry to the trachea during swallowing
The function of the pyloric sphincter is to
periodically release chyme into the duodenum in periodic squirts.
The secretory parietal cells of the stomach are responsible for producing
HCL
Epithelial cells lining the intestine have surface projections that increase nutrient absorption. These projections are called
microvill
What is the main digestive function of the pancreas?
to produce digestive enzymes and a bicarbonate buffeR
Which of the following is important in the digestion of lipids?
bile salts
Bile produced in the liver is stored in the ________ before entering the intestine.
Gallbladder
Which enzyme breaks large polypeptides into smaller polypeptides?
chymotrypsin
Nutrients absorbed by the intestines move directly to the liver, which
converts excess glucose to glycogen.
Absorption of water is a major function of the
colon
Essential fatty acids, which are required in the human diet, are
those fatty acids that humans are unable to synthesize.
In mammals, blood returning from the head will pass through the ________ just before entering the right atrium.
superior vena cava
In mammals, which of the following vessels transports oxygenated blood from the lung back to the heart?
pulmonary vein
Oxygen-poor blood is carried from the heart of a mammal to the lungs via the
Pulmonary arteries.
Blood is pumped from the heart to the lungs by the
RIGHT VENTRICLE
rom the left ventricle, oxygen-rich blood flows through the
arota
Cardiac output is defined as the volume of blood pumped by a(n) ________ each time it contracts.
VENTRICLE
During which phase of the heartbeat does the heart fill with blood?
distole
During ventricular systole, the ________ valves ________.
semilunar . . . open
AV . . . close
Heart rate is least influenced by
the number of cells per unit of blood.
The location of the heart's pacemaker is a specialized region of cardiac muscle called the
sinoatrial node
Which vessels have the thinnest walls?
capillaries
Arteries are distinguished from veins based on all of the following features except
the amount of oxygen present in the blood
Which of the following physiological responses occurs in the human body when it becomes overheated?
increased blood flow to the skin
The transfer of heat from arteries carrying warm blood past veins returning cooler blood is an example of
a countercurrent heat exchanger.
Marine animals that have body fluids with a solute concentration equal to that of the surrounding seawater are
osmoconformers
tatements regarding saltwater fish is true?
The concentration of solutes in the internal fluids of saltwater fish is much lower than in the surrounding water.
Birds, like other animals, must eliminate ammonia or urea, and do so by converting them to
uric acid
The land animals that evolved from earlier aquatic forms had to change their mechanisms for excreting nitrogenous wastes because
land animals had a more difficult time with water balance than aquatic species since water was not always available on land
What is the advantage of excreting nitrogenous waste in the form of ammonia?
Ammonia excretion conserves energy.
kinds of animals excrete their nitrogenous waste entirely as ammonia?
fish
Which of the following is a function of the vertebrate liver?
ombining ammonia and carbon dioxide
lists the structures in the kidney in the order in which fluid flows through them?
glomerulus, Bowman's capsule, proximal tubule, loop of Henle, distal tubuleCorrect
The first step in the formation of urine is the
formation of filtrate that accumulates in Bowman's capsule.
Why must water that has moved to the interstitial fluid in the medulla be quickly removed from the interstitial fluid?
to prevent destruction of the concentration gradient necessary for water reabsorption
Water moves out of filtrate in the nephron tubule into the interstitial fluid by
