-
Unsaturated Fat
- good fats
- liquid at room temp
- found in plant and fish oils
- *prevents saturated fats from being turned into cholesterol
-
Saturated Fat
- bad fats
- solid at room temp
- found in animal food
- palm and coconut oil
- broken down in liver to cholesterol
-
Trans Fat
- Take unsaturated fat and fill bonds with hydrogen to make it saturated
- partially hydrogenated oil
-
Absorption process of Chemical Digestion: Carbohydrates:
- enter capillary bed in villi
- transported to liver via hepatic portal vein
-
Enzymes used in Chemical Digestion of Carbohydrates:
- salivary amylase
- pancreatic amylase
- brush border enzymes
-
How do fatty acids and monoglycerides enter intestinal walls?
diffusion
-
Fatty acids are combined with ______ within the cells and what is the result?
- proteins
- Chylomicrons are the result (lipoprotein droplets)
-
Where do chylomicrons enter?
lacteals and then transport to ciruclation by lymph system
-
Difference between Lipid (fat) absorption and amino acids and simple sugars:
- Lipids are changed through epithelial cells
- amino acids and simple sugars go through unchanged
-
How are Nucelic Acids chemically digested?
- active transport via membrane carriers
- absorbed in villi and transported to liver via hepatic portal vein
-
What are the Enzymes used in Chemical Digestion of Nucelic Acids?
- pancreatic ribonucleases
- deoxyribonuclease
- *in small intestines
-
How are electrolytes absorbed?
- ions are actively absorbed along length of small intestine
- Sodium is coupled with glucose and amino acids
- ionic iron transported into mucosal cells, binds to ferritin (in liver)
-
Ferritin
- protein that stores iron
- takes part in serving as local storehouses for iron
-
% of Carbohydrates in Diet
40-65% of calories
-
% of Proteins in Diet
12-20% of calories
-
% Fats in Diet
20-35% of calories
-
Malabsorption of Nutrients
- 1. anything that interfered with delivery of bile/pancreatic juice
- 2. factors that damage intestinal mucosa (bacteria infection)
- 3. Gluten (Celiac disease): damages intestinal villi and reduces length of microvilli
-
Gastrocolic Reflex
- presence of food in stomach activates this
- initiates peristalsis that forces contents toward rectum
-
Cecum
- saclike
- lies below ileocecal valve
- first part of large intestine
-
Vermiform Appendix
- wormlike
- contains masses of lymphoid tissue
- part of MALT (mucosa associated lymphatic tissue): protects passages open to exterior from foreign matter
-
Teniae coli
- 3 band of longitudinal smooth muscle in its muscularis
- peristalsis
-
Haustra
- pocketlike sacs caused by tone of tenaie coli
- slow segmenting movement move contents of colon and contract
-
Epiploic appendages
fat-filled pouches of visceral peritoneum
-
____% of water is absorbed in large intestines by_____.
-
Bacterial Flora consists of:
- bacteria surviving small intestine that enter cecum
- bacteria entering via anus
-
What does Bacterial Flora do?
- colonize colon
- ferment indigestible carbs
- release irritating acids and gases
- synthesize B complex vitamins and vitamin K(liver requires these to synthesize some clotting proteins)
-
Flatuence
- 1. Consuming too many carbs: sugar is fermented by bacteria
- 2. Consuming indigestible foods: beans are high carb and mostly indigestible
- 3. Excessive Enzymes:
- 4. Not chewing and swallowing air: gum
- 5. Intestinal infections: contaminated food/ water give bloating/loose stools
-
_____, ______, and _____ are reclaimed within Large intestine.
- Vitamins
- water
- Electrolytes
-
Major function of Large intestine
propulsion of fecal material toward anus
-
Though the colon is essential for comfort, ...
not essential for life.
-
Haustra help with...
- moving content of colon through peristalsis
- stimulated by distension
- they contract
-
____ valves of rectum stop feces from being passed with gas.
3
-
Anus has 2 sphincters:
- 1. Internal sphincter: smooth muscle, involuntary, parasympathetic
- 2. External sphincter: skeletal muscle, voluntary
-
Defecation Reflex
when mass movements force feces into it, stretching rectal wall initiates this
-
Prevention of colon cancer can be done by...
regular dental and medical exams
-
Metastisized colon cancers cause...
secondary liver cancer
-
Stomach and colon cancers _____have early sign and symptoms.
rarely
-
Colon Cancer is ___ largest cause of cancer deaths in _____.
-
How does colon cancer start?
- benign mucosal tumors called polyps
- increases with age
-
During fetal life, nutrition is via______, but GI tract is stimulated toward maturity by _______ ______ swallowed in uterus.
-
Rooting and Sucking reflex
- helps infant find nipple, dark purple color
- aids in swallowing
-
In old age, Digestive System is...
- activity declines
- absorption less efficient
- peristalsis slowed
-
BMR
- Body Metabolic Rate
- how many calories you can burn within one day without activity
-
BMI
how much fat content you have
|
|
