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Ch 6. Body Composition
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What are the
component tissues
of the body; refer to the relative
% of fat and fat free tissue
?
Body Composition
What is the
mass of fat tissue
of the body?
Fat Mass
What is the
mass of the Fat Free tissues
of the body?
Fat Free Mass
.... aka Lean Body Mass
What is the
percentage of Total body mass
?
Percent Body Fat
Formula for % Body Fat
%BF= (Fat mass / Body mass) x 100
Define Obesity
Condition of
excess adipose tissue
(fat tissue) classified - %BF of BMI
Define OVERWEIGHT
Above the recommended weight rang
e but NOT yet obese.
Definition of Obesity in
Females
and
Males
?
%BF Females
>38%
and Males >
25%
BMI
OBESE
and
OVERWEIGHT
values ?
BMI OBESE
>
30
kg˙m-2
BMI OVERWEIGHT
25-29.9
kg˙m
-2
Nearly ___ of American adults are classified as either overweight or obese. (fraction)
2/3
What are health risks linked to obesity?
type 2 diabetes
coronary artery disease
hypertension
degenerative joint disease
abnormal lipid profile
hormones
Fat patterning (genetic) is fat storage or excess weight and is also called ?
Body Fat Distribution
Android type obesity?
Apple shape
or
Male pattern
. fat storage in Abdominal area
Most DANGEROUS in terms of negative health consequences
closely linked with obesity
Gynoid type obesity?
Pear shape
or
Female pattern
fat storage in Hips and Thighs
Waist to hip ratio is a useful tool in differentiating between ?
Gynoid and Android Obesity
What is Essential Fat?
Fat needed for....
Energy production
Temperature regulation
Cushioning joints
Internal organs
How much essential fat is thought to be healthy for male and females ?
Men 3-5%
Women 8-12%
Too little fat Negative Consequences?
infertility
depression
impaired temperature regulation
early death
Method for Assesing Body Composition
Is there a method that can truly measure body composition?
NO
, to measure the volume of fat in body would need to disect and chemically analyze the tissues in the body.
T/F %BF is
estimated
True
False
True
Hydrostatice weighing
is often refered to as ?
Criterion method
What does Criterion method mean?
Provides a standard by which other methods are comared.
What and what are used to calculated BF% for hydrostatic weighing?
Body mass Submerged and Body mass on Land
Body Mass submerged and Body Mass on Land are used to calculate TOTAL BODY DENSITY using what equation?
Density= mass / volume
According the Archimedes principle a person with more lean mass will weigh___ underwater than a person with less lean mass.
MORE
Advantages of Hydrostatic weighing?
Accurately
estimated body composition for most adults
technique
remains the standard
for body composition
Disadvantaged for Hydrostatic weighing?
Time
Expense
Technical expertise
Individual discomfort w/water submerging
Air Displacement Plethysmography
Body volume is calculated in what?
Sealed Chamber
What chanages the volume of the chamber?
Computer Controlled diaphragm
Pressure changes are related to?
the size of the person
What is the standard error for Air Displacement Plethysmography?
2.2-3.7%
Advantages of Air Displacement Plethysmography?
Quicker
less energy producing
Disadvantages for Air diplacement Plethysmography?
Cost of equipment
Subject must dress according to manufacturers specifications
What is
bioelectrical Analysis
?
Electric current travels earily through tissue containing water and electrolytes.
Fat does not contain much water so it impedes electrical flow.
Fat can be estimated by the impedence encountered when electrical currents pass through the body.
Values of BIA are within ___ % of those obtained with hydrostatic weighing.
4%
It is important to choose the _____ for estimating %BF. And it is critical that the person being tested is ____.
proper equation
normally hydrated
Advantages for the BIA
Easy
Inexpensive
Noninvasive
Disadvantages of the BIA
Inaccurate results for people with amputations
Significant muscle atrophy
severe obesity
diseases that alter hydration
People with defibrilators should avoid BIA
Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DEXA)
What is this ?
Total body x-ray with extremely low dosage energy beam.
The x rays that passes through the subject will measure what?
measure the density of all parts of the body.
This was originally developed for ?
Bone density studies
Advantages of DEXA?
Relatively quick
High potential for accuracy regardless of individual tested
Disadvantages of DEXA?
Cost
Access to equipment
DEXA found in hospital or clinical setings(due to xray)
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and Compted Tomography (CT)
What are these?
Imaging techniques to determine fat distribution patterns. Particularly important for visceral fat which is associated with disease.
CT scans use ____ to produce ____
x-rays
images of fat and nonfat tissues
MRI use ____ to produce ____.
Strong magnetic field
images of fat and nonfat tissues
CT AND MRI are both ___.
Expensive!
Skinfold Measurements
are the ____ method for estimating %BF.
most frequently used
The thickness of the skinfold can be used to estimate %BF because there is a correlation between ____and ____.
subcutaneous fat
and
total body fatness
Accuracy is ____ of hydrostatic weighing.
3.5%
To make skinfod accurate
Accurately locate te skinfold site
Accurately measure the skinfold
and Choose the appropriate equation for converting skinfold thickness into %BF.
Girth Measurements
are used to ____or ___.
estimate
body composition
or
describe body
proportions
more about Girth Measurements
They provide quick and reliable imformation about the individual
May be used to track canges during weight loss
Disadvantages of Girth Measurements
provide little information about the fat and fat free components of the body
For example a body builders thighs may have a larger circumference yet less fat that an obese person.
Waist to Hip Ratio
is most frequently used
clinical application of girth measurements . Value is often used to reflect the degree of ABDOMINAL or ANDROID type fat.
A WTH ratio of what is considered too high according to ACSM standards
Men and women
>
.95 for men
>
.86 for women
A waist circumference of what is high risk of obesity related disease.
Men and women
greater than
102
cm (40 in) for men
greater than
88
cm (35 in) for women
Body Mass Index
is a criterion used to classify?
Adequacy of
weight for height
BMI does NOT indicate level of Body Fatness.
True
False
True
BMI is claculated by?
Weight in kg / Squared height in m.
values of BMI for :
underweight
normal weight
overweight
obese
underweight <18.5 kg˙m
2
normal weight 18.5-24.9 kg˙m
2
overweight 25-29.9 kg˙m
2
obese
>
30 kg˙m
2
It is often important to help clients determine a healthy and reasonable weigh. Calculating
TARGET BODY WEIGHT
requires knowledge of __,____, and ___.
current body weight
%BF
desired %BF
Author
cici_acuna
ID
78530
Card Set
Ch 6. Body Composition
Description
Component tissues of the body
Updated
2011-04-19T01:20:14Z
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