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Aspects of innate immunity (4)
ie general defense
- Anatomical defenses
- Inflammation
- Fever
- Phagocytic barriers
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3 aspects of acquired (adaptive) immunity (3)
- Specificity: specific against disease
- Tolerance: of your own tissues
- Memory: from exposure; varies in time
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First line of defense includes:
- Skin and mucous membranesRapidly regenerating surfaces
- Peristaltic movement
- Mucociliary escalator
- Vomiting
- Flow of urine/tears
- Coughing
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Second line of defense
- Cellular and humoral defensesLysozyme
- Sebaceous/mucous secretions
- Stomach acid
- Commensal organisms
- Complement proteins
- Phagocytosis
- NK cells
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White blood cells which kill human cells that have gone wrong
NK cells (natural killer cells)
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Third line of defense
- Cellular & humoral defensesAntibodies
- Cytokines
- T helper cells
- Cytotoxic T cells (Tc cells)
- B cells
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Same as NK cells, except are specific, whereas NK cells are nonspecific
Tc cells (cytotoxic T cells)
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3 key components of immune system
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Blood Components
- Erythrocytes (rb cells)
- Platelets (clotting aids)
- Immune system proteins (ie complement proteins)
- Immune system cells (wb cells)
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Leukocytes (wb cells) types (4)
- Lymphocytes: T & B cells
- Monocytes
- Neutrophils (PMNs)
- Natural killer cells
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Wb cell for adaptive immunity
Lymphocyte (T & B cells)
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Wb cell for phagocytosis & Ag presentation (2)
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Phagocytic and anti-bacterial wb cell (2)
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Wb cell for anti-parasitic immunity
Eosinophil
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Wb cell for protection of mucosal surfaces
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Stem cells which can sahpe into any cell in body; all cells originate as these cells
Pluripotent haemopoietic stem cell
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Precell which becomes lymphocyte
Common lymphoid progenitor
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Precell which becomes all wb cells besides lymphocytes
Myeloid progenitor
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Secondary Lymphoid Organs
- Spleen
- Tonsils
- Apendix
- Lymph nodes
- MALT
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MALT and GALT
- Mucous associated lymphatic tissue
- Gut associated lymphatic tissue
- *(Collects Ag from Respiratory and GI tracts)
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Molecule that the immune system recognizes as non-self and can react to
Antigen
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Antigen must be:
- >10,000 MW
- (So must be large enough)
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Components of microbes which can be an antigen (3)
- Proteins (#1)
- Cell membrane
- Envelope componenets
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Nonspecific Lines of defense
- Innate resistance
- First line of defense
- Second line of defense
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Specific lines of defense
Third line of defense: immune response
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Structures, chemicals, processes that work to prevent pathogens from entering the body
first line of defense
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Ways skin is first line of defense (4)
- Perspiration (high salt)
- Oil (low pH)
- Lysozyme: destroys bacterial cell wall
- Epidermis sheds
- Cool
- Dry
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Components of second line of defense (5)
- #1: phagocytocis
- #2: inflammation
- #3: fever
- extracellular killing by leukocytes (NK cells)
- nonspecific chemical defenses
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Cells capable of phagocytosis (certain leukocytes or their derivatives)
Phagocytes
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3 types of phagocytes
- Monocytes
- Macrophages
- Neutrophils
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Phagocytic wb cells which circulate in blood
Monocytes
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Phagocytic wb cells which mostly reside in tissues, remove bacteria & parasites, clean up dead cells, present antigen to T cells (APC)(like putting up flag), produce cytokines
(KILL, REMOVE, ALERT)
Macrophages
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Phagocytic wb cells which engulf and destroy bacteria
Neutrophils
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Lysosome contains:
Lysozyme, protesase, lipase, nuclease, and oxidizing agent (like superoxide or peroxide)
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Phagocytic failure happens when bacteria inhibit phagocytic killing by: (3)
- Capsule
- Carotenoid- antioxidant which resists action of lysozyme
- Leukocidine
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Serum proteins that destroy extracellular bacteria and viruses, but must be activated to be effective
Complement proteins
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How do complement proteins do their job?
- Lyse foreign cells
- Attracts phagocytes to the area (chemotaxis)
- Aid phagocytes in doing their job (opsonization)
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Method of making bacteria or virus more appealing to phagocytic cells by putting proteins (antibodies) on pathogen's membrane which attract phagocytic cells & make it easier for phagocytic cells to attach to (like sugar-coating)
Opsonization
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Protein molecules released by host cells to nonspecifically inhibit the spread of viral infections
Interferons
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1st line of defense against viral infections
Interferons
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Nonspecific immune response which is characterized by redness, heat, swelling, pain
Inflammation
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Fever-inducing compound which triggers the hypothalamus to increase the body's core temp
Pyrogen
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Types of pyrogens (4)
- Bacterial toxins
- Cytoplasmic contents of bacteria released by lysis
- Antibody-antigen complexes (inflammation)
- Interleukin-I (IL-1) (cytokins)
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Molecules that trigger a specific immune response by tagging the bacteria as foreign by binding to components of bacteria (like pili, cell mem, etc)
Antigens
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Portion of the antigen bound by the antibody
Epitope
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Immune system proteins made by activated B cells that bind to specific antigens (identify & mark bacteria but don't actually kill it!)
Antibodies (immunoglobulins)
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Antibodies aka:
immunoglobulins
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Activated form of B cells
Plasma cells
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Importance of antibody binding: (4)
- Neutralizes toxins: by binding & blocking toxin, such as venom
- Neutralizes viruses:
- Marks invaders for attack
- Aids phagocytosis (opsonization)
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Region of antibody which is binding site
Variable region- FAB fragment
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Region of antibody which stays same, sticks out so body regonizes that there is foreign material
Constant region- FC fragment
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Major circulating antibody; initially given from mother to child via placenta
IgG
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First antibody to appear after infection
IgM
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Major antibody in secretions (GI tract, tears, vaginal, etc)
IgA
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Antibody involved in allergic rxns
IgE
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