Chapter 40

need to consume organic molecules for energy via carbon breakdown (cannot make organic molecules from inorganic carbon)

fluid that links exchange surfaces to body cells and is located in the spaces between cells

groups of cells of similar appearance and that have a common function

functional units that are composed of individual types of tissues

groups of organs that work together provide an additional level of orgainzation/coordination

occurs as sheets of cells which covers the outside of the body and lines the internal organs and cavities; close packing of such tissue allows them to act as a barrier

bind and supports other tissues in the body; consists of a sparse population of cells scattered through an extracellular matrix (can be liquid, jellylike or solid); 6 types: loose connective, cartilage, fibrous, adipose, blood and bone

secrete the protein ingredients pf extracellular fibers; type of connective cell

cells that roam the maze of fibers, engulfing both foreign particles & debris of dead cells by phagocytosis; type of connective cell

tissue responsible for body movement; all cells that make up the tissue consist of filaments with the proteins actin & myosin which enable contraction; most abundant tissue in many animals; accounts for most energy consuming activity

senses stimuli and transmits signals in the form of neuronal impulses

signaling molecules broadcast throughout the body by the endocrine system; only cells that have receptors for a particular hormone respond to the signal; slow but long lasting

type of animal that uses internal control mechanisms to regulate internal change in the face of external environmental fluctuations

an animal that allows its internal conditions to conform to external environmental changes (in a variable)

maintenance of an optimal/constant internal environment for life; requires ability to: detect changes in internal environment, communicate information to integration centers (sensors to integrating center, then integrating center to effectors), process information, change variables; several systems are involved: Nervous, Sense organs, Muscles (important effector organs), Endocrine glands (secrete hormones, important modes of communication) [N.M.S.E!]

important for homeostasis; a respnse that REDUCES the stimulus [ex: when you exercise you produce heat & body temp. rises; nervous system detects increase and triggers sweating, which helps cool and return body temp. to set point]

triggers mechanisms that amplify (not diminish) the stimulus) [ex. during childbirth, pressure from baby's head causes contractions, which increase the pressure until baby is born]

the process by which an animal adjusts to changes in external environment; a way in which the range of homeostasis may change

process by which animals maintain an internal temperature within a tolerable range

birds and mammals; warmed mostly by heat generated by metabolism

amphibians, lizards, snakes, turtles, many fishes & invertebrates; gain heat from external sources; generally need to consume less food than endotherms of = size; can tolerate largeer fluctuations in internal temps; adjust temp. by BEHAVIORAL means

higher; lower

relax the muscles of vessel walls; increased vessel diameter causes elevated blood flow in the skin; usually warms the skin and increases the transfer of body heat to the environment

reduces blood flow and heat transfer by decreasing diameter of superficial vessels (ex: when iguana swims in cold ocean, it's vessels contrict to reduce heat loss)

how birds and mammals recude heat loss; it's the flow of adjacent fluids in opposing directions that maximizes the transfer rate of heat and solutes; arteries and veins are next to each other (antiparallel)

amount of energy an animal uses in a unit of time; can be measured by rate of heat loss

lager animals have MORE body mass, therefore they require MORE chemical energy; the reationship between metabolic rate and body mass is CONSTANT

weight; INVERSELY; size

a higher metabolic rate per GRAM (so e/a gram of a mouse requires 20x more calories as a gram of an elephant, even though the elephant uses more calories overall), a greater rate of oxygen delivery, higher breathing rate, blood volume AND heart rate

GREATER; faster

inversely; duration

metabolic rate decreases and activity is low; adaptations that allows animals to save energy while avoiding dangerous/difficult conditions; many small animals/birds exhibit daily torpor that seems to be adapted to feeding patterns

long-term torpor that is an addaptation to winter cold & food scarcity; results in HUGE energy savings