patho

a deficiency of red cells or hemoglobin, results from excessive loss (blood loss anemia), increased destruction (hemolytic anemia), or impaired production of RBCs (iron-deficiency, megaloblastic, and aplastic anemias).

loss of iron containing RBCs from the body; hemolytic anemia involves destruction of RBCs in the body with iron being retained in the body.

the decreased presence of hemoglobin in the blood (pallor), tissue hypoxia due to deficient oxygen transport (weakness and fatique), and recruitment of compensatory mechanisms (tachycardia and palpitations) designed to increase oxygen delivery to the tissues

indication of some disease process or alteration in body function

oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood, leading to tissue hypoxia and fatigue

• Acute blood loss anemia
• -Carries risk of hypovolemia and shock
• Chronic blood loss anemia
• -Leads to iron deficiency, does not affect blood volume

• *Caused by premature destruction of RBCs
• *Attempted compensation by increased RBC production

• Inherited Disorders of RBC membrane
• Hemoglobinopathies
• Inherited Enzyme Defects
• Acquired Hemolytic Anemias

Hereditary spheroctyosis

• Sickle cell trait and Sickle cell disease
• Thalassemias (alpha and beta)

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency

• Various drugs, chemicals, toxins, venom, and infections (malaria)
• Autoimmune hemolytic anemia

• in adults, usually due to chronic blood loss
• in children and adolescents, usually due to dietary deficiency, demands of growth spurts, and menstrual losses

• Mechanism is based on DNA synthesis problems
• Vit. B12 deficiency Anemia
• Folic Acie Deficiency Anemia

Due to suppression of bone marrow hematopoeisis by radiation, chemicals or toxins

• Complication of chronic infection, inflammation, and cancer
• Seen in chronic renal failure, AIDS, RA, Hodgkin Disease

*An increase in RBC count, hemoglobin level, and hemacrit, with increased blood volume and viscosity

*Hypertension and headaches are common

*thromboembolism and hemorrhage are complications

• *Occurs as a physiologic response to hypoxia
• *Living at high altitudes, chronic heart and lung disease, smoking

Occurs as a result of dehydration

*decrease in fluid content of the blood

• Hyperbilirubinemia in Neonate
• Hemolytic Disease of the Neonate

Common cause of jaundice in newborns

Occurs in Rh+ infants or Rh- mothers who have been sensitized (in second and subsequent Rh+ children)

Antibodies from mother's blood destroy fetal RBCs

hemoglobin level decline after middle age

• Acute Inflammation
• Manifestations of Inflammation
• Chronic Inflammation

• Cardinal signs
• vascular stage
• Cellular stage
• inflammatory mediators

• Local manifestations
• Systemic Manifestations

• Nonspecific Chronic inflammation
• Granulomatous Inflammation

Redness, swelling, heat, pain, and loss of function

Momentary vasoconstriction, followed rapidly by a vasodilatation and increased capillary permeability

*once injured there is a momentary vasoconstriction and followed by vasodilation (if skin is whipped i goes from white to red)

Granulocytes, Mononuclear phagocytes, Mast cells, Leukocyte response (including phagocytosis)

• *increase in WBCs in the injured area
• *mast cells are connective tissue cells

Histamine, Plasma proteases, Arachidonic acid metabolites, Platelet-activating factor, Cytokines

• Basophil
• Band cell
• Neutrophil
• Lymphocyte
• Eosinophil
• Monocyte

• Margination
• Emigration
• Chemotaxis
• Phaggocytosis

• Kinins
• Coagulation/fibrinolysis components
• Complement proteins

• Histamine and serotonin
• Arachidonic acid metabolites
• Platelet-activating factor
• cytokines
• Nitric oxide

• Swelling
• Exudate formation
• Abscess formation
• Ulceration

• Serous exudate
• Hemorrhagic exudate: blood
• Fibrinous exudate fibrous tissue
• Purulent or supporative exudate puss deas wbcs

infiltration of macrophages and lymphocytes instead of neutrophils (commonly seen in acute inflammation)

• Nonspecific Chronic Inflammation
• Granulomatous Inflammation

Diffuse accumulation of macrophages and lymphocytes at injury site

A distinctive form of chronic inflammation, involving granuloma formation

Associated with foreign bodies (such as splinters, sutures, silica, and asbestos) and with microorganisms that cause tuberculosis, syphilis, sarcoidosis, deep fungal infections, and brucellosis

• Acute-phase response
• Leukocytosis and Leukopenia
• Lymphadenitis
• Systemic Inflammatory Response
• Fever

By release of cytokines, acute-phase response coordinates changes in body activity to enable an optimal host response

Changes in concentrations of plasma proteins, increased ESR, fever, increased leukocyte count, skeletal muscle catabolism, and negative nitrogen balance

• Increase in white cell count
• Leukopenia occurs in infections in persons with debilitating diseases (cancer)

Painful, palpable lymph nodes are commonly associated with inflammation (nonpainful lymph nodes are more characteristic of neoplasms

microcytic and hypochromic red cells

macrocytic and misshaped red blood celss

abnormally shaped red blood cells

normocytic and normochromic red blood cells