patho

Thrombocytes

normally 150,000 to 400,000 platelets in each microliter of blood

Thrombopoietin

*causes proliferation and maturation of megakaryocytes

*sources of thrombopoieten include the liver, kidney, smooth muscle, and bone marrow

• Neutropenia
• Infectious Mononucleosis

• Leukemias
• Malignant Lymphomas
• Plasma Cell Dyscrasias

deficiency

excess

granulocytopenia

Removal of neutrophils from the circulation exceeds production

Predictable damage to precursor cells, usually dose dependent

idiosyncratic depression of bone marrow function

Intramedullary destruction of granulocytes

Immunologic mechanisms with cytolysis or leukoagglutination

Overgrowth of neoplastic cells, which crowd out granulopoietic precursors

Autoimmune reaction

Intrasplenic destruction of neutrophils

is neutropenia that is caused by something else like cytotoxic drugs etc.

temporary

*Self-limiting lymphoproliferative (increasing number of lymphocytes) disorder caused by Epstein-Barr virus, a member of the herpes virus family

*EBV-infected B lymphocytes produce unusual antibodies that appear in the blood

*Transmission through oral contact with EBV-contaminated sliva

• *4-8 week incubation period
• *Most persons recover without incident
• *Disease may persist for 2-3 months

• Leukemias
• Malignant Lymphomas
• Plasma cell Dyscrasias

• (malignant neoplasms derived from hematopoietic stem cells)
• -Bone marrow cells that give rise to blood cells are the hematopoietic stem cells

• *Acute Leukemia
• *Chronic Leukemia

• (solid tumors arising in lymph nodes)
• -Can spread to organs like the spleen

• *Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
• *Hodgkin Lymphoma

(Neoplasms of immunoglobulin-producing plasma cells)

*Multiple Myeloma

• Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL)
• -most common leukemia in childhood
• Acute myelogenous leukemia (AML)
• -Chiefly an adult disease, although seen in children and young adults

• Chronic lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL)
• -Mainly a disorder of older persons
• Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML)
• -Adults between 30-50 years
• -Philadelphia chromosome

derived from lymphoid cells and tissues

Reed-Sternberg cells that begins as a malignancy in a single lymph node and then spreads to contiguous lymph nodes

Heterogeneous lymphocytic cancers that are multicentric in origin and spread to various tissues throughout the body, including the bone marrow

Manifestations related to uncontrolled lymph node and lymphoid tissue growth, bone marrow involvement, and constitutional symptoms (fever, fatigue, weight loss) related to the rapid growth of abnormal lymphoid cells and tissues

lymph nodes and 80-85% arise from B-cells

• Hypercoagulability States
• Bleeding Disorders

• Increased Platelet Function
• Increased Clotting Activity

• Platelet Defects
• Coagulation Defects
• Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)
• Vascular Disorders (bleeding from weakened blood vessels)

risk of clot or thrombus formation in either the arterial or venous circulations

Conditions that produce turbulent blood flow and platelet adherence

Conditions that causes stasis of blood flow with increased concentrations of coagulation factors

• Increased Platelet Function
• Increased Clotting Activity

Disturbances in blood flow, endothelial damage, and increased sensitivity of platelets can cause adhesion and aggregation of platelets

Caused by factors that increase the activation of the coagulation system

• Increased Platelet Function
• Accelerated Activity of the Clotting System

• Atherosclerosis
• Diabetes mellitus
• Smoking
• Elevated blood lipid and cholesterol levels

• Pregnancy and the puerperium
• Use of oral contraceptives
• Postsurgical state
• Immobility
• Congestive heart failure
• Malignant diseases

• Platelet Defects
• Coagulation Defects
• Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation

• Thrombocytopenia
• Impaired Platelet Function

• Impaired Synthesis of Coagulation Factors
• Hereditary Disorders
• -Hemophilia A-clotting factor 8
• -Von Willebrand Disease

Defects associated with platelets, coagulation factors, and vessel integrity

A decrease in platelet numbers due to inadequate platelet production( bone marrow dysfunction), excess platelet destruction (throbocytopenia), abnormal platelet function (thrombocytopathia), or defects in von Willebrand factor.

caused by a deficiency in one or more of the clotting factors

Structurally weak vessels or vessel damage due to inflammation and immune mechanisms